Sources

Why These Seven Societies, and How to Read the Results

1.      World Bank. World Development Indicators: "Population, total" (indicator SP.POP.TOTL), values for 2025 for Brazil, China, Egypt (Arab Rep.), India, Nigeria, the Russian Federation, the United States and the World (WLD); database last updated 8 October 2026. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL ; data read through the World Bank API: https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/USA;CHN;RUS;BRA;EGY;IND;NGA;WLD/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?format=json&date=2025 . Licence: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0), which allows use in a commercial book with credit.

2.      World Bank. "World Bank Country and Lending Groups" (the country classification, with the region of each economy), current version. https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups ; the region of each economy is also given in the World Bank API country list: https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country?format=json&per_page=400 . (Used for the regions of the seven, and for the note on the current grouping.)

3.      World Bank. DataBank Metadata Glossary, region MEA, special notes on the region's countries since 1 July 2025. https://databank.worldbank.org/metadataglossary/gender-statistics/country/MEA . The seven regions: World Bank, World Bank Country and Lending Groups, https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups . The regions before the change: Boller, D., Kashiwase, H., Lee, S. and Metreau, E., "What happens when regional boundaries change — and why it matters for development?", World Bank Data Blog, 8 December 2025, https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/opendata/what-happens-when-regional-boundaries-change---and-why-it-matter .

The years of the data used in each Part, named in this opening, are given with the sources of that Part.

Part 1: Participation to Burden ratio of a Society

1.      OECD (2023). Trade in Employment (TiM) database, 2023 edition (years 1995–2020; built on the OECD Inter-Country Input-Output Tables, 2023 edition). Data set OECD.STI.PIE, DSD_TIM_2023@DF_TIM_2023, version 1.0. Indicators used, year 2020, all activities (_T), persons (PS): EMPN, "Employment"; FFD_DEM, "Domestic employment embodied in foreign final demand" (partner W for all buyers abroad; each society as partner for the jobs in other economies that serve it). Dataset page: https://www.oecd.org/sti/ind/trade-in-employment.htm . Data queries: https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.STI.PIE,DSD_TIM_2023@DF_TIM_2023,1.0/EMPN.._T..PS.A?startPeriod=2020&endPeriod=2020&format=csvfile and the same address with FFD_DEM in place of EMPN. Licence: OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 (Data): any purpose, including commercial use, with credit to the OECD. https://www.oecd.org/en/about/terms-conditions.html .

2.      International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT. Average weekly hours actually worked per employed person by sex and economic activity, dataflow DF_HOW_TEMP_SEX_ECO_NB (indicator HOW_TEMP_NB; codes ECO_SECTOR_TOTAL, ECO_ISIC4_TOTAL and ECO_ISIC4_A to ECO_ISIC4_T), from national labour-force and household surveys. Year 2020 for the weekly hours of each economy in item 1 (Saudi Arabia and Taiwan, not in this series, were given the median, 37.77 hours); latest year (2024 or 2025) for the hours of each industry. https://sdmx.ilo.org/rest/data/ILO,DF_HOW_TEMP_SEX_ECO_NB,1.0/ . Licence: CC BY 4.0 for ILO databases and datasets from 3 May 2023 (ILO, Rights and permissions, https://www.ilo.org/rights-and-permissions ).

3.      International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT. Employment by sex and economic activity -- ILO modelled estimates, Nov. 2025, dataflow DF_EMP_2EMP_SEX_ECO_NB (codes ECO_ISIC4_A, _DE, _F, _O, _P, _Q, _RSTU, _TOTAL), year 2025, thousands. https://sdmx.ilo.org/rest/data/ILO,DF_EMP_2EMP_SEX_ECO_NB,1.0/ . Licence as item 2.

4.      International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT. Employment by sex and economic activity, dataflow DF_EMP_TEMP_SEX_ECO_NB (national surveys): the share of household service (ECO_ISIC4_T) within ECO_ISIC4_R to _U, and the shares of mining (ECO_ISIC4_B) and transport and storage (ECO_ISIC4_H) in all jobs; latest year (2024 or 2025). https://sdmx.ilo.org/rest/data/ILO,DF_EMP_TEMP_SEX_ECO_NB,1.0/ . Licence as item 2.

5.      International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT. Employment by sex and economic activity - ISIC level 2, dataflow DF_EMP_TEMP_SEX_EC2_NB (codes EC2_ISIC4_C10, C13, C14, C15, N80 and EC2_ISIC4_TOTAL); latest year. https://sdmx.ilo.org/rest/data/ILO,DF_EMP_TEMP_SEX_EC2_NB,1.0/ . Licence as item 2.

6.      International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT. Employment by sex and age, dataflow DF_EMP_TEMP_SEX_AGE_NB (AGE_AGGREGATE_YGE65 and AGE_AGGREGATE_YGE15): share of jobs held by people aged 65 and over, removed so that jobs match capable adults aged 15 to 64. https://sdmx.ilo.org/rest/data/ILO,DF_EMP_TEMP_SEX_AGE_NB,1.0/ . Licence as item 2.

7.      Time spent on unpaid domestic chores and care work, share of the day, by sex, ages 15 and over (SDG indicator 5.4.1; national time-use surveys). United States 2025: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, American Time Use Survey, 2025 results, Table 1 (household activities, purchasing goods and services, and caring for and helping household members, each with related travel). https://www.bls.gov/news.release/atus.t01.htm . Brazil 2022 and China 2018: World Bank, World Development Indicators, SG.TIM.UWRK.FE and SG.TIM.UWRK.MA. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SG.TIM.UWRK.FE . Licence: CC BY 4.0. Russia 2024 (Rosstat) and India 2024 (National Statistical Office, Time Use Survey): United Nations Statistics Division, SDG Global Database, series SL_DOM_TSPD. https://unstats.un.org/sdgapi/v1/sdg/Series/Data?seriesCode=SL_DOM_TSPD .

8.      Atallah, M. and Hesham, M. (2025). Women's Unpaid Care Work in Egypt: Gender Gaps in Time Use. Economic Research Forum, Policy Brief No. 150, January 2025 (Egypt Labor Market Panel Survey 2023 time-use module): women aged 15 to 64 spend 5.4 hours a day on unpaid care work; men more than five times less. https://erf.org.eg/app/uploads/2025/01/1738058326_117_623467_pb150.pdf . With: Atallah, M. and Hesham, M. (November 2024). Unpaid Care Work in Egypt: Gender Gaps in Time Use. Economic Research Forum, Working Paper No. 1755, p. 12 and Figure 6, p. 13: men aged 15 to 64 spend 1.0 hour a day on unpaid care work (0.8 on unpaid domestic services and 0.2 on unpaid caregiving). https://erf.org.eg/app/uploads/2024/11/1731908744_391_812416_1755.pdf . Used for figures only.

9.      World Bank, World Development Indicators: SP.POP.1564.FE.IN, "Population ages 15-64, female"; SP.POP.1564.MA.IN, "Population ages 15-64, male"; year 2025. https://api.worldbank.org/v2/ . Licence: CC BY 4.0.

10.    Yang, S., Chen, L. and Bi, X. (2023). "Overtime work, job autonomy, and employees' subjective well-being: Evidence from China". Frontiers in Public Health 11, 1077177. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1077177. Gives the average weekly working hours of urban employees in China in 2020 as 47, from the National Bureau of Statistics, China Labour Statistical Yearbook 2021. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1077177/full . Licence: CC BY.

11.    National Bureau of Statistics of China. Average weekly working hours of employees of enterprises, 2024: 48.6 hours, the average of the eleven monthly figures in its 2024 press releases on the national economy (February 48.0, March 48.6, April 48.5, May 48.7, June 48.6, July 48.7, August 48.7, September 48.8, October 48.6, November 48.9, December 49.0; January is published together with February), released from 18 March 2024 to 17 January 2025. https://www.stats.gov.cn/english/PressRelease/ ; for example, December: https://www.stats.gov.cn/english/PressRelease/202501/t20250117_1958330.html . Used to raise China's 2016 industry hours (46.1 hours a week in total, item 2) to the 2024 level.

12.    National Bureau of Statistics of China (December 2024). Communiqué of the Fifth National Economic Census, No. 3, Table 3-2: persons employed in food processing (4.06 million), food manufacturing (2.54 million), textiles (3.85 million), apparel (4.49 million) and leather and footwear (2.51 million), end of 2023. https://www.stats.gov.cn/english/PressRelease/202412/t20241226_1957900.html .

13.    United Nations (2008). International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC), Revision 4. Statistical Papers, Series M, No. 4/Rev.4. https://unstats.un.org/unsd/publication/seriesm/seriesm_4rev4e.pdf (a 306-page PDF of 2008).

Part 2: Participation to Burden ratio of an Individual, Measured for Groups

1.      Hours of work contained in what each society uses, per adult a year: from Part 1 (OECD Trade in Employment 2023 edition, year 2020, and ILOSTAT weekly hours); see the Sources list, Part 1.

2.      World Bank. World Development Indicators: NE.CON.GOVT.ZS, "General government final consumption expenditure (% of GDP)", and NE.DAB.TOTL.ZS, "Gross national expenditure (% of GDP)", latest year (2024 or 2025). https://data.worldbank.org . Licence: CC BY 4.0.

3.      International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT. Mean weekly hours actually worked per employed person by sex and occupation, dataflow DF_HOW_TEMP_SEX_OCU_NB, managers (ISCO-08 group 1) and all occupations, latest year (2024–2025): https://sdmx.ilo.org/rest/data/ILO,DF_HOW_TEMP_SEX_OCU_NB,1.0/ . Licence: CC BY 4.0. China (not in the occupation table): National Bureau of Statistics of China, average weekly working hours of employees of enterprises, 2024: 48.6, the average of the eleven monthly figures in its 2024 releases; see the Sources list, Part 1, source 10.

4.      Stadler, K. et al. (2018). "EXIOBASE 3: Developing a time series of detailed environmentally extended multi-regional input-output tables". Journal of Industrial Ecology 22(3), 502–515. https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12715 . Data: EXIOBASE 3.8.2, IOT_2011_pxp, Zenodo https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5589597 . Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0. Used only for the statement that the same money buys about twenty times more hours of work in one of the seven than in another (2011).

5.      Natural burden: the paid hours of NEP work per capable adult and the production adequacy, from Part 3; see the Sources list, Part 3.

6.      World Inequality Lab. World Inequality Database (WID.world), bulk data update of 9 September 2026 (country files WID_data_<country>.csv for US, CN, RU, BR, EG, IN, NG). Variables used: sdiincj992 (post-tax disposable income, share, equal-split adults; groups p0p50, p50p90, p90p100, p99p100; 2024), sptincj992 (pre-tax national income, share, same groups; 2024; the check with income before taxes and transfers), and lpfghgi999, lcfghgi999, lifghgi999 (personal carbon footprint: total, consumption only, investments only; 2019). Data page: https://wid.world/data/ ; bulk file: https://wid.world/bulk_download/wid_all_data.zip .

7.      Chancel, L. (2022). "Global carbon inequality over 1990–2019". Nature Sustainability 5, 931–938. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-022-00955-z . Supplementary information, section 8.1 (fair share of 1.9 t CO2e a person a year for 1.5 °C): https://media.springernature.com/original/springer-static/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41893-022-00955-z/MediaObjects/41893_2022_955_MOESM1_ESM.pdf . Open version: https://wid.world/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Chancel2022GlobalCarbon-main.pdf . The group footprints themselves were taken from item 6 (2019). Cited as published facts.

8.      EU Tax Observatory. Atlas of the Offshore World, offshore financial wealth dataset (file /data/dataset-offshore-financial.csv, indicator "total", US$ billions, 2023; GDP from /data/country-denominator.csv). https://atlas-offshore-world.org/download-data/ . Method: Alstadsæter, A., Johannesen, N. and Zucman, G. (2018). "Who owns the wealth in tax havens? Macro evidence and implications for global inequality". Journal of Public Economics 162, 89–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2018.01.008 .

9.      Bachas, P., Fisher-Post, M., Jensen, A. and Zucman, G. (2022). Globalization and Factor Income Taxation. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 9973. https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-9973 . Data: Atlas of the Offshore World, file /data/dataset-effective-tax.csv (indicator Total_tax_NDP, total tax as a share of net domestic product, 2021).

Part 3: Overall Worth Level of a Society

Production adequacy (the six domains)

1.      Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), FAOSTAT. Food Balances (2010–), bulk file FoodBalanceSheets_E_All_Data_(Normalized), year 2023. Elements used for every single food item (item codes below 2900): Production (5511), Domestic supply quantity (5301), Food (5142), Food supply (kcal) (661); production and domestic supply weighted by the calories per tonne of each item. https://bulks-faostat.fao.org/production/FoodBalanceSheets_E_All_Data_(Normalized).zip . Licence: CC BY 4.0 (FAO Statistical Database Terms of Use, https://www.fao.org/contact-us/terms/db-terms-of-use/en/ ).

2.      Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), FAOSTAT. Suite of Food Security Indicators, bulk file Food_Security_Data_E_All_Data_(Normalized) (July 2026 update): item 21010, "Average dietary energy supply adequacy (percent) (3-year average)", 2023–2025 (United States 154, Russian Federation 145, China 142, Brazil 138, Egypt 134, India 116, Nigeria 109). https://bulks-faostat.fao.org/production/Food_Security_Data_E_All_Data_(Normalized).zip . Licence: as item 1.

3.      Cassidy, E. S., West, P. C., Gerber, J. S. and Foley, J. A. (2013). "Redefining agricultural yields: from tonnes to people nourished per hectare". Environmental Research Letters 8, 034015. Table 2, "Global crop allocations": people fed per hectare on produced calories and on delivered calories (India 6.5 and 5.9; China 13.5 and 8.4; United States 16.1 and 5.4; Brazil 10.6 and 5.2; World 10.1 and 6). Data for about the year 2000. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/8/3/034015 . Open access; licence: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 (stated in the article).

4.      World Bank. World Development Indicators: SH.MED.PHYS.ZS, "Physicians (per 1,000 people)", and SH.MED.NUMW.P3, "Nurses and midwives (per 1,000 people)" (both compiled by the World Bank from the World Health Organization's health workforce data); latest year: physicians 2020 (Egypt, India), 2022 (China, Russia, United States), 2023 (Brazil, Nigeria); nurses and midwives 2018 (Egypt), 2020 (India), 2022 (China, Nigeria, Russia, United States), 2023 (Brazil). https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS and https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/SH.MED.NUMW.P3 . Licence: CC BY 4.0.

5.      World Bank. World Development Indicators: SH.H2O.BASW.ZS, "People using at least basic drinking water services (% of population)"; SH.STA.BASS.ZS, "People using at least basic sanitation services (% of population)" (WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme; the stricter SH.STA.SMSS.ZS, "safely managed", is quoted only in the Limits); EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS, "Access to electricity (% of population)"; year 2024 for all seven. https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/<code>; (with each code in place of <code>). Licence: CC BY 4.0.

6.      World Health Organization (2016). Global Strategy on Human Resources for Health: Workforce 2030. Geneva: WHO. The threshold of 4.45 doctors, nurses and midwives per 1,000 people (44.5 per 10,000) used as the standard of "enough" for health workers. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241511131 . Licence: see the note above (one fact cited).

7.      World Bank. World Development Indicators: SE.PRM.ENRL.TC.ZS, "Pupil-teacher ratio, primary" (compiled from the UNESCO Institute for Statistics); latest year: 2010 (Nigeria), 2017 (Brazil, India, Russia, United States), 2018 (China, Egypt). https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/SE.PRM.ENRL.TC.ZS . Licence: CC BY 4.0.

8.      United Nations (2008). International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC), Revision 4. Statistical Papers, Series M, No. 4/Rev.4. Used for the codes of the NEP fields of work (sections A, D, E, F, O, P, Q, T; divisions 10, 13, 14, 15, 80). https://unstats.un.org/unsd/publication/seriesm/seriesm_4rev4e.pdf .

9.      UNESCO Institute for Statistics and Education for All Global Monitoring Report (October 2014). Wanted: Trained teachers to ensure every child's right to primary education. Policy Paper 15 / Fact Sheet 30 (2014/ED/EFA/MRT/PP/15). Benchmark of at most 40 pupils per teacher in primary school: the teachers needed are counted for "a maximum pupil-teacher ratio (PTR) of 40 to 1" (note 3; also page 1). https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000229913 .

Children and the old: how they are counted

10.    World Bank. World Development Indicators: SP.POP.0014.TO.ZS, "Population ages 0-14 (% of total population)", and SP.POP.65UP.TO.ZS, "Population ages 65 and above (% of total population)"; year 2025 (under 15 / over 64: United States 17.10 / 18.39; China 15.41 / 14.91; Russia 17.03 / 17.79; Brazil 19.39 / 11.48; Egypt 31.56 / 5.27; India 24.20 / 7.38; Nigeria 40.52 / 3.07). https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/<code>; . Licence: CC BY 4.0.

The richest 1%: how they are counted

11.    The richest 1% as a measured group with an individual ratio below zero in all seven societies: see the Sources list, Part 2 (World Inequality Database and the works listed there). No further source is used for this rule in Part 3.

The drain (what reaches the people)

12.    World Bank, World Development Indicators: SH_UHC_SCI, "UHC service coverage index" (SDG indicator 3.8.1; source: World Health Organization, Universal Health Coverage Dataset), 2023 (United States 88, China 85, Brazil 84, Russia 81, Egypt 71, India 69, Nigeria 47). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH_UHC_SCI . Licence: CC BY 4.0.

Natural Participation in hours (used for the set point in hours and the share below 1; the worth level of capable adults does not depend on them)

13.    International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT. Employment by sex and economic activity -- ILO modelled estimates, Nov. 2025, dataflow DF_EMP_2EMP_SEX_ECO_NB, year 2025, thousands (NEP sections A, D+E, F, O, P, Q and the R–U group). https://sdmx.ilo.org/rest/data/ILO,DF_EMP_2EMP_SEX_ECO_NB,1.0/ . Licence: CC BY 4.0 for ILO databases from 3 May 2023 (as in the Sources list, Part 1).

14.    International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT. Average weekly hours actually worked per employed person by sex and economic activity, dataflow DF_HOW_TEMP_SEX_ECO_NB (national labour-force surveys; latest year). https://sdmx.ilo.org/rest/data/ILO,DF_HOW_TEMP_SEX_ECO_NB,1.0/ . Licence as item 13.

15.    International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT. Employment by sex and economic activity, dataflow DF_EMP_TEMP_SEX_ECO_NB (share of household service, ECO_ISIC4_T, within R to U); Employment by sex and economic activity - ISIC level 2, dataflow DF_EMP_TEMP_SEX_EC2_NB (food, textile, clothing and leather factories and security services: divisions 10, 13, 14, 15, 80); Employment by sex and age, dataflow DF_EMP_TEMP_SEX_AGE_NB (jobs held by people aged 65 and over, removed). https://sdmx.ilo.org/rest/data/ILO,<dataflow>,1.0/ . Licence as item 13.

16.    Time spent on unpaid domestic chores and care work, share of the day, by sex, ages 15 and over (SDG indicator 5.4.1; national time-use surveys). United States 2025: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, American Time Use Survey, 2025 results, Table 1 (household activities, purchasing goods and services, and caring for and helping household members, each with related travel). https://www.bls.gov/news.release/atus.t01.htm . Brazil 2022 and China 2018: World Bank, World Development Indicators, SG.TIM.UWRK.FE and SG.TIM.UWRK.MA. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SG.TIM.UWRK.FE . Licence: CC BY 4.0. China's split by job status: National Bureau of Statistics of China (2009). 2008年时间利用调查资料汇编 (Compilation of the 2008 Time Use Survey Data, ages 15 to 74), Table 4-22 (unpaid, non-SNA, work by employment and sex, minutes a day): employed women 215, men 82; not working (the unemployed, the retired, students and homemakers; Table 1-8) women 279, men 129. https://www.stats.gov.cn/zt_18555/ztsj/2008sjly/ . China's ratios, without paid work ÷ employed: women 279 ÷ 215 = 1.30; men 129 ÷ 82 = 1.57. Russia 2024 (Rosstat) and India 2024 (National Statistical Office, Time Use Survey): United Nations Statistics Division, SDG Global Database, series SL_DOM_TSPD. https://unstats.un.org/sdgapi/v1/sdg/Series/Data?seriesCode=SL_DOM_TSPD . Russia's split by job status: Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation (Rosstat) (2025). Выборочное наблюдение использования суточного фонда времени населением 2024 (Sample Survey of the Population's Use of Daily Time, 2024; ages 15 and over), Tables 1.8.1 and 1.8.2 (daily time of women and of men, by employment; average day of the week): unpaid domestic services and unpaid caregiving for household and family members together, minutes a day: employed women 191.8, men 91.5; not employed (non-working pensioners included) women 285.4, men 136.0. https://rosstat.gov.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/urov/sut_fond24/index.html . Russia's ratios, without paid work ÷ employed: women 285.4 ÷ 191.8 = 1.49; men 136.0 ÷ 91.5 = 1.49.

17.    National Bureau of Statistics (Nigeria) and UN Women. Nigeria Time Use Survey 2024 (NGA-NBS-NTUS-2024-v1.0; Borno, Cross River, Kaduna and Lagos; 3,600 households; dry and wet seasons): unpaid domestic and care work, women 21.0% and men 4.1% of the day. https://microdata.nigerianstat.gov.ng/index.php/catalog/178 . Nigeria's split by job status: National Bureau of Statistics (Nigeria) (2025). Nigeria Time Use Survey (NTUS) 2024 Report, section 4.2.2, p. 36 (ages 15 and over): unpaid domestic and care work, share of the day: working women 20.2%, men 3.7%; not working women 23%, men 5.8%. https://microdata.nigerianstat.gov.ng/index.php/catalog/178/download/1335 . Nigeria's ratios, without paid work ÷ employed: women 23 ÷ 20.2 = 1.14; men 5.8 ÷ 3.7 = 1.57.

18.    Atallah, M. and Hesham, M. (2025). Women's Unpaid Care Work in Egypt: Gender Gaps in Time Use. Economic Research Forum, Policy Brief No. 150, January 2025 (Egypt Labor Market Panel Survey 2023 time diary): women aged 15 to 64, 5.4 hours a day of unpaid care work; men more than five times less. https://erf.org.eg/app/uploads/2025/01/1738058326_117_623467_pb150.pdf . With: Atallah, M. and Hesham, M. (November 2024). Unpaid Care Work in Egypt: Gender Gaps in Time Use. Economic Research Forum, Working Paper No. 1755: men aged 15 to 64, 1.0 hour a day of unpaid care work (p. 12 and Figure 6, p. 13: 0.8 on unpaid domestic services and 0.2 on unpaid caregiving); Figure 15, p. 22 (unpaid care work by sex and labor market status, ages 15 to 64, hours a day): women employed 4.5, unemployed 5.6, inactive 5.6; men employed 1.0, unemployed 0.8, inactive 0.6. https://erf.org.eg/app/uploads/2024/11/1731908744_391_812416_1755.pdf . Men without paid work are weighted by International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT, Unemployment by sex and age (UNE_TUNE_SEX_AGE_NB) and Persons outside the labour force by sex and age (EIP_TEIP_SEX_AGE_NB), Egypt, labour force survey 2023, ages 15 to 64: 1,184,708 unemployed and 9,372,392 outside the labour force. https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/ (licence as item 13). Men without paid work: (0.8 × 1,184,708 + 0.6 × 9,372,392) ÷ 10,557,100 = 0.62 hours a day. Egypt's ratios, without paid work ÷ employed: women 5.6 ÷ 4.5 = 1.24; men 0.62 ÷ 1.0 = 0.62. Used for figures only.

19.    U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. American Time Use Survey, 2025 results (released 25 June 2026), Tables 8B and 8C (unpaid household and care work of people with and without a job). https://www.bls.gov/news.release/atus.t08b.htm and https://www.bls.gov/news.release/atus.t08c.htm . Public domain (US government work).

20.    Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). PNAD Contínua, Outras formas de trabalho (unpaid household and care work of occupied and not occupied people, 2018 figures). https://agenciadenoticias.ibge.gov.br/agencia-sala-de-imprensa/24266-mulheres-dedicam-mais-horas-aos-afazeres-domesticos-e-cuidado-de-pessoas-mesmo-em-situacoes-ocupacionais-iguais-a-dos-homens.html .

21.    National Statistics Office, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India (March 2025). Time Use in India, 2024 (Time Use Survey, January–December 2024), Statements 7 and 8 (workers; all activities in a time slot): women workers spend 93.9% × 234 minutes on unpaid domestic services and 32.0% × 101 minutes on unpaid caregiving for household members, i.e. 252 minutes a day. https://mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/TUS_Report_2024_28.03.2025F.pdf . With: Sethy, M., Mahapatro, S. R. and Mishra, U. S. (2026). "Unequal relief from the double burden: job quality, education, and women's time poverty in India—evidence from NSS time use survey 2024". Frontiers in Sociology 11, 1862733. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2026.1862733 (Table 1: women aged 15 to 59, 336.77 minutes a day of unpaid work; 26.5% employed). Licence: CC BY. Women without paid work: (336.77 − 0.265 × 252) ÷ 0.735 = 367 minutes; India's women's ratio = 367 ÷ 252 = 1.46.

22.    National Bureau of Statistics of China. Average weekly working hours of employees of enterprises, 2024: 48.6 hours, the average of the eleven monthly figures in its 2024 releases (used to raise China's 2016 hours by sector, 46.1 hours in total, to the 2024 level); see the Sources list, Part 1, source 11.

23.    National Bureau of Statistics of China (December 2024). Communiqué of the Fifth National Economic Census, No. 3, Table 3-2 (persons employed in food processing, food manufacturing, textiles, apparel, and leather and footwear, end of 2023). https://www.stats.gov.cn/english/PressRelease/202412/t20241226_1957900.html .

24.    World Bank. World Development Indicators: SP.POP.1564.FE.IN, "Population ages 15-64, female", and SP.POP.1564.MA.IN, "Population ages 15-64, male"; year 2025. https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/<code>; . Licence: CC BY 4.0.

25.    Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), FAOSTAT. Suite of Food Security Indicators, bulk file Food_Security_Data_E_All_Data_(Normalized) (file dated 10 July 2026, the SOFI 2026 release), period 2023–2025 (three-year averages): item 210041, "Prevalence of undernourishment (percent)" (SDG 2.1.1); item 210091, "Prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity in the total population (percent)" (SDG 2.1.2), with its 95% bounds; for China and India, which FAO does not publish, the values of Eastern Asia (6.3) and Southern Asia (34.9). https://bulks-faostat.fao.org/production/Food_Security_Data_E_All_Data_(Normalized).zip . Licence: CC BY 4.0 (FAO Statistical Database Terms of Use, https://www.fao.org/contact-us/terms/db-terms-of-use/en/ ). Used for the food part of coverage in the drain.

26.    International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT. Mean nominal monthly earnings of employees by sex and economic activity, dataflow DF_EAR_EMTA_SEX_ECO_CUR_NB (local currency; ISIC Rev. 4 sections; latest year: United States, Brazil and India 2025, Egypt and Nigeria 2024, China 2022, Russia 2021), weighted by employment in the NEP divisions (item 15). https://sdmx.ilo.org/rest/data/ILO,DF_EAR_EMTA_SEX_ECO_CUR_NB,1.0/ . Licence as item 13. Used for "who gives these hours" (pay of NEP fields against the average pay).

27.    Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). PNAD Contínua, SIDRA table 9380, "Média de horas dedicadas pelas pessoas de 14 anos ou mais de idade aos afazeres domésticos e/ou às tarefas de cuidado de pessoas, por sexo e nível de instrução", 2022 (hours a week, among those who do this work). https://apisidra.ibge.gov.br/values/t/9380/n1/all/v/10192/p/2022/c2/all/c1568/all . Used for "who gives these hours" (unpaid home work by schooling).

28.    OECD. Health Workforce Migration database (doctors trained in a country and working in OECD countries, latest year since 2015 for each destination), against the doctors at home from the World Bank (item 4: doctors per 1,000 people in 2023, times the population of that year, World Development Indicators SP.POP.TOTL, "Population, total"): Nigeria 16,708 doctors abroad, 16.2% of its doctors at home and abroad (used in the text: "about one in six of the doctors it trained works in a rich country"). https://data-explorer.oecd.org and https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL

29.    World Bank. World Development Indicators: BN.GSR.FCTY.CD and NY.GDP.MKTP.CD (net primary income, % of GDP; Nigeria −1.5%, average 2019–2023, negative in every year 2015–2024; used in the text: "pays out part of its income abroad every year"). https://data.worldbank.org

Food counted in part: NEP work given to and drawn from other societies (the third condition)

30.    OECD (2023). Trade in Employment (TiM) database, 2023 edition, data set OECD.STI.PIE, DSD_TIM_2023@DF_TIM_2023, version 1.0; year 2020, persons (PS): FFD_DEM, "Domestic employment embodied in foreign final demand", for the NEP activities A (agriculture, forestry and fishing), C10T12 (food products, beverages and tobacco) and C13T15 (textiles, wearing apparel, leather and related products), by partner: partner W for the jobs of a society that serve all buyers abroad, and each society as partner for the jobs in other economies that serve it. Dataset page: https://www.oecd.org/sti/ind/trade-in-employment.htm ; data: https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.STI.PIE,DSD_TIM_2023@DF_TIM_2023,1.0/ . Licence: as Part 1, source 1. Jobs × the weekly hours of item 31 = hours of NEP work given and drawn, per capable adult (item 24).

31.    Weekly hours actually worked, 2020, of each economy whose jobs are counted in item 30: International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT, dataflow DF_HOW_TEMP_SEX_ECO_NB (total of all activities, both sexes; as Part 1, source 2); for China, 47.0 hours (National Bureau of Statistics, China Labour Statistical Yearbook 2021, through Yang, Chen and Bi 2023; Part 1, source 10). Licence: CC BY 4.0.

Part 4: Overall Respect Level of a Society

Data used in the calculation

1.      Charities Aid Foundation (CAF) (2026). World Giving Report 2026 – Donor Insights (giving in 2025; online survey by Focaldata, 5 January to 18 February 2026, 105 countries, 60,443 respondents, 250 to 1,000 per country). Country data page "Explore the data", fields "Average % of income donated directly to people in need" (the first half, S) and "Average hours volunteered per person" (caring). Report: https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/680a2b043029e999edde4e2a/6a1d72b7e675b986ec3961c3_World%20Giving%20Report%202026%20-%20Donor%20Insights.pdf ; data: https://worldgivingreport.org/explore-the-data .

o World reference values (our calculation): 0.551% of income and 9.10 hours, the averages of the 104 and 100 countries with data, each weighted by population (source 2). CAF's own averages weight every country equally, so they differ.

o Variants run with the fields "Average % of income donated in any format" and "Average % of income donated via religious routes".

2.      World Bank (2026). World Development Indicators. SP.POP.TOTL, Population, total (world weights); SN.ITK.DEFC.ZS, Prevalence of undernourishment (% of population), from FAO (forced guard; 2010 and 2023); SP.POP.0014.TO.ZS, Population ages 0-14 (% of total population) and SP.POP.65UP.TO.ZS, Population ages 65 and above (% of total population) (the "all individuals" value). https://data.worldbank.org ; API: https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/SN.ITK.DEFC.ZS (same pattern for each code). Licence: CC BY 4.0 (commercial use allowed with attribution).

3.      Helliwell, J. F., Layard, R., Sachs, J. D., De Neve, J.-E., Aknin, L. B. & Wang, S. (Eds.) (2025). World Happiness Report 2025, Chapter 2, Statistical Appendix (Appendix B), Tables 17–21: Gallup World Poll, share who helped a stranger in the past month (2022–2024 average); expected return of a lost wallet by a neighbour (2019; a check only). University of Oxford: Wellbeing Research Centre. https://files.worldhappiness.report/WHR25_Ch02_Appendix_B.pdf . World reference 59.6% (144 countries, weighted by population; our calculation).

4.      World Health Organization (2026). Global status report on blood safety and availability 2025. Annex 3, "Blood donations, 2018-2023": whole blood donations by type (voluntary non-remunerated, family or replacement, paid); world share voluntary non-remunerated 85.4% (section 3.3.1). Years used: 2023; Russia and Nigeria 2018. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240121546 ; PDF: https://iris.who.int/server/api/core/bitstreams/aa36bd85-6947-4097-adf6-f734922c8026/content .

5.      King's College London Policy Institute (September 2023). Parenting priorities: international attitudes towards raising children (World Values Survey wave 7 and European Values Study wave 5; 24 countries), chart on page 9, share choosing unselfishness as a quality for children. DOI 10.18742/pub01-144. https://www.kcl.ac.uk/policy-institute/assets/parenting-priorities.pdf . Values read from the chart image to the whole percent (the PDF's text layer places the labels against the wrong bars); reference = the 24-country average, 26.5%. Fieldwork years: United States 2017, Russia 2017, China 2018, Brazil 2018, Egypt 2018, Nigeria 2017/2018.

6.      World Values Survey Association. World Values Survey wave 7 (2017–2022), child qualities, item "Unselfishness" (item Q16). https://www.worldvaluessurvey.org . For societies outside the 24 in source 5.

7.      Global Carbon Project, Global Carbon Budget 2025 (consumption-based CO2 emissions), via Our World in Data, co2-data file: columns consumption_co2_per_capita and population. https://github.com/owid/co2-data . Licence: CC BY 4.0.

8.      Lo, K., Basnet, N., Miller, E., Srikanthalingam, B., Foley, B., Van Berkum, J. L., Long, A. H., Toneva, P., Ermina, M. & Klinkenberg, C. (2026). National Ecological Footprint and Biocapacity Accounts, Edition 2026 (1961–2025), results and metadata version 1.0. Produced for Footprint Data Foundation by researchers at York University and the University of Iceland. Workbook NEFBA2026_bulk_v1_0_omiting_Iceland_Faroe_Islands.xlsx, sheet national_data: ecological footprint of consumption (efc_total_gha) divided by population (pop_1000_persons), 2010 and 2022. https://fodafo.org/data/ . Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0 (commercial use allowed with attribution; share-alike).

9.      Worth level: see the Sources list, Part 3. The richest 1% entered at zero: see the Sources list, Part 2.

10.    OECD. Trade in Employment (TiM), 2023 edition, dataflow OECD.STI.PIE,DSD_TIM_2023@DF_TIM_2023,1.0, measures EMPN (employment) and FFD_DEM (domestic employment embodied in foreign final demand), all activities, persons, 2010 and 2019, all 61 economies: https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.STI.PIE,DSD_TIM_2023@DF_TIM_2023,1.0/ ; with ILOSTAT, mean weekly hours actually worked per employed person (DF_HOW_TEMP_SEX_ECO_NB), nearest year (China: NBS, 47.0 h). Licences: OECD, as Part 1, source 1; ILO CC BY 4.0. Used for the hours of human work each society commands per person (the peers of the strategies route).

Used as checks only (not in the values)

11.    US Bureau of Labor Statistics (2024). Consumer Expenditure Survey 2023, by income quintile: "Other cash gifts" (item 800861; series CXU800861LB0102M to CXU800861LB0106M) and "Income after taxes" (series CXUINCAFTTXLB0102M to CXUINCAFTTXLB0106M). BLS public API: https://api.bls.gov/publicAPI/v2/timeseries/data/ ; programme page: https://www.bls.gov/cex/ . Licence: US government work, public domain.

12.    Quality of Government Institute, University of Gothenburg (January 2026). QoG Standard Dataset (time series): World Values Survey wave 7 trust and the justifiability of accepting a bribe and cheating on taxes (honesty check); Global Peace Index (Institute for Economics & Peace); WHO homicide rate; World Bank Worldwide Governance Indicators, rule of law (calm test in the Limits). https://www.qogdata.pol.gu.se/data/qog_std_ts_jan26.csv .

13.    Falk, A., Becker, A., Dohmen, T., Enke, B., Huffman, D. & Sunde, U. (2018). Global evidence on economic preferences. Quarterly Journal of Economics 133(4), 1645–1692, doi:10.1093/qje/qjy013 (Global Preference Survey, altruism; check only). Country values via Our World in Data: https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cross-country-variation-in-altruism .

14.    U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). International Energy Statistics, bulk file INTL.zip (last modified 3 October 2026): total energy consumption from all sources, in quadrillion Btu (1 quadrillion Btu = 293.07 terawatt-hours), 2010 and 2022, divided by population (UN World Population Prospects through Our World in Data, CC BY 4.0): the energy used per person, for the peer measure by energy. https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world ; bulk: https://api.eia.gov/bulk/INTL.zip . Licence: public domain.

15.    Endurance check (room in hours): the natural burden and the hours of work drawn per capable adult a year, from Part 2; see the Sources list, Part 2. Used only for the check with energy per person as the peer measure.

Part 5: Efficiency Level of the Natural Resources, and the VIL

5A. The efficiency level: fuels

1.      Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Volume 2: Energy (2006). Chapter 1, Table 1.2, "Default net calorific values (NCVs) and lower and upper limits of the 95% confidence intervals" (wood/wood waste 15.6, other bituminous coal 25.8, other kerosene 43.8, gas/diesel oil 43.0, natural gas 48.0 TJ/Gg); Chapter 2, Table 2.5, "Default emission factors for stationary combustion in the residential and agriculture/forestry/fishing/fishing farms categories" (kg of greenhouse gas per TJ on a net calorific basis). https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/vol2.html

2.      IPCC. Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, Working Group I contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report (2021). Chapter 7, Table 7.15 (100-year global warming potentials: fossil methane 29.8, non-fossil methane 27.0, nitrous oxide 273). https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/chapter/chapter-7/

3.      International Energy Agency (IEA). Global Methane Tracker 2024 (2024). Energy-sector methane emissions by fuel, 2023. https://www.iea.org/reports/global-methane-tracker-2024 (licence CC BY 4.0, checked 12 Oct)

4.      United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). Life Cycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options (2021). Life-cycle greenhouse gas of nuclear power, 5.1–6.4 g CO2e per kWh. https://unece.org/sed/documents/2021/10/reports/life-cycle-assessment-electricity-generation-options

5.      Bailis, R., Drigo, R., Ghilardi, A. and Masera, O. "The carbon footprint of traditional woodfuels". Nature Climate Change 5 (2015): 266–272. Share of woodfuel harvested beyond regrowth, 27–34%. doi:10.1038/nclimate2491

6.      Years to renew used for the gaining stress: firewood about 30 years, coal and rock salt about 100 million years, oil and gas about 50 million years. Firewood's gaining stress is 1 and coal's 3, as in the example; the years set only the scale for the other renewables. Set at 10 and 60 years for firewood, 50 and 300 million for coal and rock salt, and 10 and 200 million for oil and gas, every verdict stays the same; wild fish's share of positive trials stays between 18% and 29%.

5B. The efficiency level: metals

7.      Nuss, P. and Eckelman, M.J. "Life cycle assessment of metals: a scientific synthesis". PLOS ONE 9(7) (2014): e101298. Supporting Information S1, Table S38, "GWP 100a [kg CO2-eq/kg]", global production mix (iron 1.5, aluminium 8.2, copper 2.8, nickel 6.5, gold 12,500, lead from lead–zinc production 2.4, primary zinc 3.2). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0101298 (licence CC BY 4.0, confirmed from the article file on 12 Oct)

8.      U.S. Geological Survey. Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 (2026). Chapters "Aluminum", "Cadmium", "Copper", "Gold", "Iron and Steel", "Nickel", "Silver": the paragraph "Domestic Production and Use" (shares of use; for gold, world consumption by use). https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/ (U.S. government work, public domain)

9.      United Nations Environment Programme, International Resource Panel (Graedel, T.E. et al.). Recycling Rates of Metals: A Status Report (2011). Figure 4, end-of-life recycling rates; the table of recycling rates (p. 36): cadmium, end-of-life recycling rate 15%. https://www.resourcepanel.org/reports/recycling-rates-metals

10.    World Steel Association (2023). World Steel in Figures 2023, "Steel use by sector", 2022, p. 30: building and infrastructure 52%, mechanical equipment 16%, automotive 12%, other transport 5% (of 1,762.2 million tonnes). https://worldsteel.org/wp-content/uploads/World-Steel-in-Figures-2023.pdf .

11.    Nornickel (2025). 2024 Annual Report, "Commodity markets", chart "Primary nickel consumption by industry in 2024": stainless steel 66%, batteries 14% (of 3.4 million tonnes). https://ar2024.nornickel.ru/en/strategic-report/commodity-markets.html .

12.    International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) (2012). Arsenic, Metals, Fibres, and Dusts, IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Volume 100C, "Cadmium and cadmium compounds", section 1.3, p. 121: principal uses of cadmium in 2007, after the U.S. Geological Survey (2008): nickel-cadmium batteries 83%. https://publications.iarc.who.int/120 .

13.    Material constants for the effectiveness ratios. Electrical resistivity at 293 K (20 °C) of annealed pure metal, in 10⁻⁸ Ω m: Matula, R.A. "Electrical resistivity of copper, gold, palladium, and silver". Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data 8(4) (1979): 1147–1298, Tables 2, 5 and 11 (pp. 1161, 1209, 1260): copper 1.678, gold 2.214, silver 1.587. doi:10.1063/1.555614, https://srd.nist.gov/jpcrdreprint/1.555614.pdf . Chu, T.K. and Ho, C.Y. Electrical Resistivity of Chromium, Cobalt, Iron, and Nickel. CINDAS Report 60, prepared for the Office of Standard Reference Data, National Bureau of Standards (June 1982), Table 7, p. 81: iron 9.61. DTIC ADA129078, https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA129078 . Density in g/cm³: Hubbell, J.H. and Seltzer, S.M. Tables of X-Ray Mass Attenuation Coefficients and Mass Energy-Absorption Coefficients, NIST Standard Reference Database 126 (last update July 2004), Table 1: iron 7.874, copper 8.960, silver 10.50, gold 19.32. doi:10.18434/T4D01F, https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/XrayMassCoef/tab1.html . Electrical conductivity (1 ÷ resistivity) per kilogram, against iron: copper 5.03, silver 4.54, gold 1.77. Structural steel S275: yield strength fy = 275 MPa (p. 60) and unit mass of steel 7,850 kg/m³ (p. 349), in Veljkovic, M., Simões da Silva, L. et al. Eurocodes: Background & Applications. Design of Steel Buildings. Worked examples. JRC Science and Policy Report EUR 27346 EN, European Commission, Joint Research Centre (2015). doi:10.2788/605700, https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC96658 (© European Union, 2015; reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged). Aluminium alloy 6061-T6: minimum yield strength (0.2 percent offset) 35.0 ksi = 241.3 MPa, in U.S. General Services Administration, Federal Specification Sheet QQ-A-250/11F, Aluminum Alloy 6061, Plate and Sheet (3 August 1982), Table II, temper T6. https://everyspec.com/FED_SPECS/Q/QQ-A-250-11F_10611/ (U.S. government work, public domain). Density of aluminium 2,700 kg/m³: European Aluminium. Design of Aluminium Structures: Introduction to Eurocode 9 with Worked Examples (November 2020), section 5.2, p. 25. https://european-aluminium.eu/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/design-of-aluminium-structure-introduction-to-eurocode-9-with-worked-examples-1.pdf . Strength per kilogram, both at their minimum yield strength: aluminium 2.55 times S275.

14.    Property ratios for nickel and cadmium: rust resistance for nickel (stainless steel against carbon steel in air), taken as 100, so its exponent is held at 9; stored energy per kilogram for cadmium (a nickel-cadmium cell, about 50 Wh/kg, against a nickel-iron cell, about 22 Wh/kg), 2.27. Set at 5 and 1,000 for nickel and at 1.5 and 4 for cadmium, every verdict, efficiency level and share of positive trials stays the same: any nickel ratio above about 4.9 gives the same exponent (9; check version 3), and cadmium serves one domain, so its boosting level is 1 whatever its exponent; only cadmium's exponent in the inputs table moves (from 1.748 to 6.753).

5C. The efficiency level: food and water

15.    Zwart, S.J. and Bastiaanssen, W.G.M. "Review of measured crop water productivity values for irrigated wheat, rice, cotton and maize". Agricultural Water Management 69(2) (2004): 115–133. doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2004.04.007

16.    FAO/WHO/UNU. Protein and Amino Acid Requirements in Human Nutrition: Report of a Joint FAO/WHO/UNU Expert Consultation. WHO Technical Report Series 935. World Health Organization (2007). Safe level 0.83 g protein per kg body weight a day. https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/43411 .

17.    World Health Organization. Guideline: Sodium Intake for Adults and Children (2012). Salt intake below 5 g a day for adults (less than 2 g of sodium a day). https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/77985 .

18.    Parker, R.W.R., Blanchard, J.L., Gardner, C., Green, B.S., Hartmann, K., Tyedmers, P.H. and Watson, R.A. "Fuel use and greenhouse gas emissions of world fisheries". Nature Climate Change 8 (2018): 333–337. World fishing fleet 179 million t CO2e and 40 billion litres of fuel in 2011. doi:10.1038/s41558-018-0117-x

19.    FAO. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2014 (Rome, 2014). World marine capture in 2011, 82.6 million tonnes (revised figure). https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/i3720e .

20.    FAO. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2026 (Rome, 2026), "The status of fishery resources". 62.4% of the assessed marine fish stocks within biologically sustainable levels in 2023 (37.6% beyond); weighted by volume, 72.6% of the 2023 landings of assessed stocks from sustainably fished stocks. https://doi.org/10.4060/cd8357en (licence CC BY 4.0)

21.    Musick, J.A. "Criteria to define extinction risk in marine fishes". Fisheries 24(12) (1999): 6–14 (resilience classes, used by FishBase: population doubling time).

22.    BioNumbers, entry 115098: average renewal time of river water, about 16 days (after Pidwirny). https://bionumbers.hms.harvard.edu/bionumber.aspx?id=115098

23.    Gleeson, T., Befus, K.M., Jasechko, S., Luijendijk, E. and Cardenas, M.B. "The global volume and distribution of modern groundwater". Nature Geoscience 9 (2016): 161–167. doi:10.1038/ngeo2590

24.    Jasechko, S. et al. "Rapid groundwater decline and some cases of recovery in aquifers globally". Nature 625 (2024): 715–721. Levels falling in 71% of 1,693 aquifer systems. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06879-8 (details and licence CC BY checked 12 Oct)

25.    Energy for water supply: Liu, Y. et al. (2016), global and regional energy for water, Environmental Science & Technology, https://www.pnnl.gov/publications/global-and-regional-evaluation-energy-water ; groundwater pumping in Addis Ababa, 1.2 kWh per m³, https://www.aimspress.com/article/id/5fb64eddba35de30e16c17df

26.    IHS Markit. Chemical Economics Handbook: Sodium Chloride (2023). Uses of salt (chemicals about 60%, de-icing 12.6%, food about 12%). https://ssl.ihsmarkit.com/commodityinsights/en/ci/products/sodium-chloride-chemical-economics-handbook.html

27.    Wulandari, A.R. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Garam Bahan Baku dan Garam Konsumsi di Kecamatan Mirit, Kabupaten Kebumen, Jawa Tengah (Life cycle assessment of raw salt and consumption salt in Mirit, Kebumen, Central Java, Indonesia). Undergraduate thesis, Department of Agro-industrial Technology, Universitas Gadjah Mada (2024). Global warming potential per quintal (100 kg), cradle to gate: raw salt 60.027 kg CO2-eq, consumption salt 22.789 kg CO2-eq (about 0.6 and 0.23 kg CO2e per kg). https://etd.repository.ugm.ac.id/penelitian/detail/242329 .

5D. The four changes and the recovery line

28.    Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy. Material intensity of materials, fuels, transport services, food (MIT table, 3 February 2014). Columns "abiotic material" and "water", kg per kg (values read from the page images); the rows used include diesel oil (1.36 and 9.70), primary lead (18.12 and 135.80), electrolytic zinc (22.18 and 343.69) and gold (estimated, world, 540,000), and the net calorific value of natural gas, 41 MJ per kg. https://wupperinst.org/uploads/tx_wupperinst/MIT_2014.pdf

29.    Norgate, T. and Lovel, R. "Sustainable water use in minerals and metal production". AusIMM, Water in Mining conference (2006). Gold 252,087 m³ of water per tonne; steel 2.9 m³ per tonne consumed. https://onemine.org/documents/sustainable-water-use-in-minerals-and-metal-production

30.    United Nations Environment Programme. Global Mercury Assessment 2018 (2019). Mercury emitted to air in 2015, 2,220 tonnes; artisanal and small-scale gold mining 838 tonnes (38%); coal burning 21%. Key findings: https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/29830/GMAKF_EN.pdf

31.    United Nations Environment Programme. Emissions Gap Report 2023: Broken Record – Temperatures hit new highs, yet world fails to cut emissions (again) (2023). World greenhouse gas emissions in 2022, 57.4 Gt CO2e. https://doi.org/10.59117/20.500.11822/43922

32.    United Nations Environment Programme (2024). Global Resources Outlook 2024: Bend the Trend – Pathways to a liveable planet as resource use spikes. International Resource Panel. Nairobi. World used extraction 106 Gt in 2020. https://wedocs.unep.org/handle/20.500.11822/44901 . The world's earth moved used here, about 150 Gt a year, adds the unused overburden to this used extraction and rests on no direct measurement; set at a tenth and at ten times this value (15 and 1,500 Gt), every verdict stays the same.

33.    Hernandez Lagana, M. and Mejias Moreno, P. (2025). AQUASTAT water data snapshot 2025 (Rome, FAO), Figure 5, p. 8: total annual freshwater withdrawal, World 3,855 km³ in 2022 (3,851 km³ in 2015). https://doi.org/10.4060/cd7054en (licence CC BY 4.0).

34.    WHO / Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). Tolerable intakes: methylmercury 1.6 µg per kg body weight a week (61st meeting, 2003; confirmed at the 67th meeting, 2007, WHO Technical Report Series 940), https://apps.who.int/food-additives-contaminants-jecfa-database/Home/Chemical/3083 ; cadmium 25 µg per kg body weight a month (73rd meeting, 2010, WHO Technical Report Series 960), https://apps.who.int/food-additives-contaminants-jecfa-database/Home/Chemical/1376 (used to express cadmium as mercury-equivalent).

35.    Richardson, K. et al. "Earth beyond six of nine planetary boundaries". Science Advances 9 (2023): eadh2458. Climate and freshwater boundaries crossed. doi:10.1126/sciadv.adh2458 (licence CC BY-NC, see flags)

36.    AMAP/UN Environment. Technical Background Report to the Global Mercury Assessment 2018 (2019). Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme, Oslo, and UN Environment Programme, Chemicals and Health Branch, Geneva. Table 3.3, mercury emitted to air in 2015 by sector: chlor-alkali production (mercury process) 15.1 t (12.2–18.3); primary aluminium 6.6 t; primary copper 48.4 + 0.424 t; primary lead 28.6 + 2.92 t; primary zinc 17.5 + 124 t; large-scale gold production 84.5 t; primary pig iron and steel 29.8 t (19.1–76.0); primary aluminium, copper, lead and zinc together 228 t (154–338). Annex 3.6, unabated emission factors: biomass as burned 20 mg per tonne (5–50; Table A3.6.13); crude oil 0.01 g per tonne (0.005–0.300) and light fuel oil 0.002 g per tonne (0.001–0.010) (Tables A3.6.7–A3.6.8); pipeline natural gas 0.005 g per TJ (Tables A3.6.10–A3.6.11). https://wedocs.unep.org/handle/20.500.11822/29831

37.    Environment and Climate Change Canada. National Pollutant Release Inventory, single-year data table 2023 (NPRI-INRP_DataDonnées_2023.csv): Glencore Sudbury Integrated Nickel Operations smelter, mercury released in 2023, 36.7591 kg to air and 0.0532 kg to water. https://data-donnees.az.ec.gc.ca/api/file?path=%2Fsubstances%2Fplansreports%2Freporting-facilities-pollutant-release-and-transfer-data%2Fsingle-year-data-tables-by-facility-releases-transfers-and-disposals%2FNPRI-INRP_DataDonn%C3%A9es_2023.csv (Open Government Licence – Canada)

38.    Australian Government. National Pollutant Inventory, mercury and compounds, Western Australia, reports 2022/2023 and 2023/2024 (kg, as published): BHP Nickel West Kalgoorlie Nickel Smelter 0.079 and Kwinana Nickel Refinery 0.64 (2023); Minara Murrin Murrin Nickel Cobalt Project 4.4 (July 2022–June 2023) and 4.3 (July 2023–June 2024); First Quantum Ravensthorpe Nickel Operations 1.3 (2023). https://www.npi.gov.au/npidata/action/load/advance-search

39.    Glencore plc. Full Year 2023 Production Report (1 February 2024), p. 12: Integrated Nickel Operations 2023, nickel metal 95.0 kt, copper metal 20.1 kt and cobalt metal 3.5 kt in total, of which from own sources nickel 39.1 kt, copper 8.9 kt and cobalt 0.4 kt; Murrin Murrin, nickel 36.4 kt and cobalt 2.4 kt. https://www.glencore.com/.rest/api/v1/documents/static/f2f3f568-9437-4c55-bcb6-49d2fc96d305/GLEN_2023-FY_ProductionReport.pdf

40.    BHP Group Limited. BHP Operational Review for the half year ended 31 December 2023 (18 January 2024; Form 6-K), Appendix 2: Nickel West, nickel 19.6, 22.0, 20.2 and 19.6 kt and cobalt 175, 246, 192 and 182 t in the four quarters of 2023. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/811809/000119312524009624/d929549d6k.htm

41.    First Quantum Minerals Ltd. First Quantum Minerals reports fourth quarter and year-end 2023 results (20 February 2024): nickel production 26,252 contained tonnes, of which 4,527 t pre-commercial from Enterprise; Ravensthorpe 21,725 t. https://www.first-quantum.com/news/first-quantum-minerals-reports-fourth-quarter-and-year-end-2023-results/

42.    Nickel's mercury: the four nickel plants that report a mercury figure for 2023 (entries 37–38) released 43.18 kg against 191–261 kt of metal (nickel with the cobalt and copper made alongside it, by mass; the Sudbury smelter counted with its own feed or with all its feed; entries 39–41): 0.19 g per tonne (0.165–0.226).

43.    U.S. Geological Survey. Mineral Commodity Summaries 2017 (2017). World production in 2015: aluminium (smelter) 57,500 thousand t (p. 23); copper (mine) 19,100 thousand t (p. 55); pig iron 1,160 million t (p. 85); lead (mine) 4,950 thousand t (p. 97); zinc (mine) 12,800 thousand t (p. 193). https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/mineral-pubs/mcs/mcs2017.pdf (U.S. government work, public domain)

44.    U.S. Geological Survey. Minerals Yearbook 2016, Salt, Table 13, "Salt: world production": world total in 2015, 277,000 thousand t (revised). https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/atoms/files/myb1-2016-salt.xls (U.S. government work, public domain)

45.    U.S. Geological Survey. Mineral Commodity Summaries 2025 (2025), Gold (p. 83): world mine production in 2023, 3,250 t. https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2025/mcs2025-gold.pdf (U.S. government work, public domain)

46.    Antonić, S., Danilović, M., Stojnić, D. and Dražić, S. "Impact of Chainsaw Power on Fuel and Oil Consumption". Sustainability 15(3) (2023): 2795. Beech in a beech–fir stand, from felling to firewood: fuel 0.144–0.198 L and chain oil 0.063–0.082 L per m³ of logs. doi:10.3390/su15032795 (licence CC BY)

47.    IPCC. 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Volume 4: Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use, Chapter 4, "Forest Land", Table 4.14 (p. 4.71): basic wood density of beech (Fagus sylvatica) 0.58 t dry matter per m³ fresh volume. https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/pdf/4_Volume4/V4_04_Ch4_Forest_Land.pdf

48.    European Union. Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, Annex III, "Energy content of fuels" (lower calorific value): petrol 43 MJ per kg and 32 MJ per litre, diesel 43 MJ per kg and 36 MJ per litre (744 and 837 kg per m³). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32018L2001 (EU legal texts: reuse allowed with acknowledgement)

49.    Firewood's earth and water: the cutting fuel (entry 46) at the densities of entry 48, over beech at 0.58 t per m³ (entry 47) air-dried to 10–20% moisture as in the mercury factor (entry 36), times diesel's earth and water (entry 28): 0.00037 kg of earth and 0.0027 kg of water per kg.

50.    Wild fish's earth and water: 40 billion litres of fuel (entry 18) at diesel's density (entry 48), over 82.6 million t landed (entry 19), times diesel's earth and water (entry 28): 0.55 kg of earth and 3.9 kg of water per kg landed.

51.    The Silver Institute and Metals Focus. World Silver Survey 2024 (April 2024), Chapter 4, "Mine Supply", pp. 28–29: silver mined in 2023 by source metal, lead/zinc mines 30.8%, primary silver mines 28.3%, copper mines 26.7%, gold mines 13.7% (3,540 t from gold mines). https://silverinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/World-Silver-Survey-2024.pdf

52.    Hecla Mining Company. Hecla reports fourth quarter and full year 2023 results (14 February 2024; Form 8-K, exhibit 99.1): ore processed and metals produced in 2023 at Greens Creek, Lucky Friday and Keno Hill. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/719413/000115752324000250/a53896657ex99_1.htm

53.    Silver's four changes, by mass: at each kind of mine, a kilogram of silver carries what a kilogram of the metals mined with it carries (shares, entry 51). Lead/zinc mines: entries 7, 28, 36 and 43. Copper mines: copper's own row. Gold mines: gold's figures shared by mass between 3,250 t of gold (entry 45) and 3,540 t of silver (entry 51), gold 48%; artisanal gold's mercury (entry 30) stays on gold. Silver mines: the lead/zinc figures, silver being 0.4–2% of their metal by mass (entry 52).

54.    Cadmium, by mass with zinc, where it is recovered: zinc's earth, water and climate (entries 28 and 7) and zinc smelting's mercury, 141.5 t over 12.8 million t (entries 36 and 43); its own release: the 85% not recycled (entry 9), counted as mercury by dividing by 3.6, the ratio of the tolerable intakes (entry 34).

55.    World Nuclear Association. "World Uranium Mining Production" (updated 9 October 2026): uranium mined in 2024 by method, in situ leach 55%, underground and open pit 40%, by-product 5%; McArthur River 7,808 tU and Cigar Lake 6,501 tU. https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/mining-of-uranium/world-uranium-mining-production

56.    Kazatomprom. Integrated Annual Report 2024: uranium produced 23,270 tU (100% basis); water withdrawn 9,363.3 thousand m³; non-hazardous waste (including overburden and drill cuttings) 1,069.2 kt and solid radioactive waste 25.8 kt; no mercury emissions reported. https://www.kazatomprom.kz/storage/59/kap_iar_2024_eng_0205__clean.pdf

57.    Cameco Corporation. "Our Performance" (sustainability data, Cameco operated facilities, 100% basis), 2024: waste rock produced 75,699 t; tailings produced 199,039 t. https://cameco.com/about/sustainability/our-performance

58.    Rössing Uranium Limited. Sustainability and Performance Report 2024: total material mined 30.3 Mt; uranium oxide produced 2,600 t (2,205 tU); freshwater consumption 2,678 thousand m³ (Performance Data, p. 107). https://www.rossing.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/RUL-SUSTAINABILITY-AND-PERFORMANCE-REPORT-2024.pdf

59.    Uranium's earth, water and mercury, by method (shares, entry 55): in situ leach carries Kazatomprom's figures (entry 56), 47 kg of earth and 402 kg of water per kg, no mercury reported; mines carry the reporting mines' figures weighted by output (entries 57–58, outputs from entry 55; water from entry 58), 1,852 kg of earth and 1,215 kg of water per kg, no mine reporting a mercury figure; by-product uranium carries copper's figures by mass. Weighted: 784 kg of earth, 726 kg of water and 0.13 g of mercury per tonne.

5E. The VIL depth of the seven societies

60.    FAO. FAOSTAT, "Land, Inputs and Sustainability: Cropland Nutrient Balance" (domain code ESB), bulk release December 2025, year 2023. Element "Cropland nitrogen" (7275); items "Mineral fertilizers" (5087), "Input" (5079), "Outputs" (5080); tonnes. https://bulks-faostat.fao.org/production/Environment_Cropland_nutrient_budget_E_All_Data_(Normalized).zip (licence CC BY 4.0: https://www.fao.org/contact-us/terms/db-terms-of-use/en/, checked 12 Oct)

61.    FAO. FAOSTAT, "Food Balances: Food Balances (2010-)" (domain code FBS), year 2023. Element "Protein supply quantity (t)" (671); items "Grand Total" (S2901) and "Fish, Seafood" (S2960). https://bulks-faostat.fao.org/production/FoodBalanceSheets_E_All_Data_(Normalized).zip (CC BY 4.0)

62.    FAO. FishStat, Global production by production source (release 2026.1.0), capture and aquaculture of aquatic animals (yearbook group "Aquatic animals (Fish, crustaceans and molluscs, etc.)"; aquatic plants excluded), 2024, tonnes live weight. https://www.fao.org/fishery/static/Data/GlobalProduction_2026.1.0.zip (licence CC BY 4.0)

63.    World Health Organization, via World Bank World Development Indicators. "Access to clean fuels and technologies for cooking (% of population)", code EG.CFT.ACCS.ZS, year 2024. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.CFT.ACCS.ZS (licence CC BY 4.0, checked 12 Oct)

64.    Ember, Yearly Electricity Data, through the Our World in Data energy dataset: columns "fossil_share_elec" and "nuclear_share_elec", year 2025. https://github.com/owid/energy-data (Our World in Data: CC BY; Ember: CC BY 4.0, checked 12 Oct)

65.    U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). International Energy Statistics, bulk file INTL.zip (last modified 3 October 2026): consumption of petroleum and other liquids (4415) and of biofuels (79, which EIA counts inside petroleum and other liquids), year 2024: transport = (petroleum and other liquids − biofuels) ÷ petroleum and other liquids; distillate fuel oil consumption of India, 2023, in terajoules (series 65: 4,103,153 TJ, on gross heat, 6.146 GJ per barrel); electricity generated from fossil fuels (28) and nuclear (27) as a share of all generation (2), 2023, for the electricity used on farms. https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world ; bulk: https://api.eia.gov/bulk/INTL.zip . Licence: public domain; attribution: Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration (October 2026).

66.    FAO. FAOSTAT, "Energy Use" (domain code GN), element "Energy use in agriculture" (72184), items "Petroleum products" (6801) and "Electricity" (6807), year 2023, terajoules (net calorific basis; built from UNSD and IEA energy data). Bulk release of 28 October 2025: https://bulks-faostat.fao.org/production/Emissions_Agriculture_Energy_E_All_Data_(Normalized).zip (licence CC BY 4.0). Farm fuel for the United States, China, Russia, Brazil and Egypt, and farm electricity for all seven; India's and Nigeria's farm fuel: entries 68 and 69.

67.    International Labour Organization (ILO). ILOSTAT: "Employment by sex and economic activity – ILO modelled estimates" (EMP_2EMP_SEX_ECO_NB_A), agriculture, 2023; "Mean weekly hours actually worked per employed person by sex and economic activity" (HOW_TEMP_SEX_ECO_NB_A), agriculture, latest year (United States, Russia, Brazil and India 2025; Egypt and Nigeria 2024; China 2016). https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/ (licence CC BY 4.0)

68.    Lok Sabha (Parliament of India). Unstarred Question No. 1725, answered on 16 August 2013 by the Minister of State for Petroleum and Natural Gas: in the "All India Study on Sectoral Demand of Diesel and Petrol" commissioned by the Petroleum Planning and Analysis Cell (PPAC) with the public-sector oil marketing companies (A.C. Nielsen ORG-MARG), agriculture took 12.89% of diesel. Applied to EIA's distillate consumption of India in 2023 (entry 65), the share held at its last official value: 528,896 TJ.

69.    Federal Republic of Nigeria. First Biennial Transparency Report: National Inventory Document (2024), submitted to the UNFCCC on 30 December 2024, Table 3.51, activity data for agriculture, forestry and fishing: stationary diesel 5 kt (2022), off-road diesel 8 kt (2021, the latest given), stationary kerosene 9 kt (2022); with the IPCC net calorific values (entry 1), 13 × 43.0 + 9 × 43.8 = about 953 TJ. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/Nigeria%20BTR1%20NID%202024.pdf (UNFCCC official documents: public domain)

70.    Nebraska Tractor Test Laboratory, University of Nebraska–Lincoln. "Nebraska Summary: S1133 Case-IH Farmall 100C" (2016; summary of OECD test 3004, April 2016), power take-off: 0.277 kg of No. 2 diesel per kWh at rated engine speed, 0.238 at maximum power. With 43.0 MJ per kg (net heat, entry 1): 30.2–35.2%; with EIA's gross heat of distillate (6.146 GJ per barrel; at the test fuel's specific gravity of 0.840, 46.0 MJ per kg): 28.2–32.9%. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/tractormuseumlit/3384 (free and open access)

71.    European Union. Commission Regulation (EU) 2019/1781 of 1 October 2019 laying down ecodesign requirements for electric motors and variable speed drives, Annex I, Table 1, "Minimum efficiencies ηn for IE2 efficiency level at 50 Hz" (the classes of IEC 60034-30-1): 4-pole motors 84.3% at 2.2 kW, 85.5% at 3 kW, 86.6% at 4 kW; 85% is used. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2019/1781/oj (EU legal texts: reuse allowed with acknowledgement)

72.    Fraenkel, P.L. Water Lifting, FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 43 (FAO, Rome, 1986), section 4.2.1, "Human beings as power sources": a person's muscular work in a day is about 200–300 watt-hours; its Figure 85 takes one person to give 60 watts for 4 hours a day. https://www.fao.org/4/ah810e/AH810E08.htm (© FAO 1986, all rights reserved: cited as facts only)

73.    Worth level parts (food, health workers, water, sanitation, electricity, teachers): see the Sources list, Part 3.

Used only in the notes to the author (not in the reader's text)

74.    McDuffie, E.E. et al. "Source sector and fuel contributions to ambient PM2.5 and attributable mortality across multiple spatial scales". Nature Communications 12 (2021): 3594. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-23853-y (CC BY 4.0, confirmed from the article file). Used for the firewood-smoke variant.

75.    ASTM International (2026). ASTM A240/A240M-26, Standard Specification for Chromium and Chromium-Nickel Stainless Steel Plate, Sheet, and Strip for Pressure Vessels and for General Applications, chemical requirements: nickel 8.0–10.5% in type 304 (UNS S30400), 10.0–14.0% in type 316 (UNS S31600) (used in the Limits line on nickel). doi:10.1520/A0240_A0240M-26. https://store.astm.org/a0240_a0240m-26.html . The same nickel ranges are given by the producer ATI Inc. for its plate, sheet and strip to ASTM A240 and ASME SA-240: https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/ati-304 and https://www.atimaterials.com/Products/ati-316 .

76.    Parker, J.F. and West, V.R. (eds.). Bioastronautics Data Book, 2nd edition, NASA SP-3006 (1973), chapter 18, "Work, heat, and oxygen cost", Figure 18-15: the top effort of healthy fit men falls to about 120 watts at about 4 hours, where the curve ends (a check on the 60 watts of entry 72). NASA Technical Reports Server 19730006364, public use permitted.

Part 6: The Seven Societies Side by Side

The final values in the table and charts of Part 6 are those worked out in Parts 1 to 5; their sources are listed under those Parts and are not repeated here. The test of what would happen to the overall worth level if the resources that do not satisfy the green check vanished is that of Part 5 (sources listed there). The sources below were used only for the links between the five values and for the wider tests across many economies.

1.      OECD (2023). Trade in Employment (TiM) database, 2023 edition, data set OECD.STI.PIE, DSD_TIM_2023@DF_TIM_2023, version 1.0; year 2020, all activities (_T), persons (PS): EMPN, "Employment", and FFD_DEM, "Domestic employment embodied in foreign final demand", for every economy in the table (used for the broader, all-hours form of the Participation to Burden ratio in the wider test across 60 economies, and for the hours of human work commanded per person, with population from the UN World Population Prospects through Our World in Data, CC BY 4.0). Dataset page: https://www.oecd.org/sti/ind/trade-in-employment.htm ; data: https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.STI.PIE,DSD_TIM_2023@DF_TIM_2023,1.0/ . Licence: as Part 1, source 1.

2.      International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT. Average weekly hours actually worked per employed person by sex and economic activity, dataflow DF_HOW_TEMP_SEX_ECO_NB (total of all activities, both sexes), the year nearest to 2020 within 2017–2023, for each economy in the wider test. https://sdmx.ilo.org/rest/data/ILO,DF_HOW_TEMP_SEX_ECO_NB,1.0/ . Licence: CC BY 4.0.

3.      Yang, S., Chen, L. and Bi, X. (2023). "Overtime work, job autonomy, and employees' subjective well-being: Evidence from China". Frontiers in Public Health 11, 1077177. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1077177 (China's average weekly hours in 2020, 47.0, from the National Bureau of Statistics, China Labour Statistical Yearbook 2021; used for China in the wider test). https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1077177/full . Licence: CC BY 4.0.

4.      U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). International Energy Statistics, bulk file INTL.zip (last modified 3 October 2026): total energy consumption from coal (4411), natural gas (4413), petroleum and other liquids (4415, less biofuels consumption, 79, which EIA counts inside it) and nuclear (4417), in quadrillion Btu (1 quadrillion Btu = 293.07 terawatt-hours), year 2024 for every economy that has it, divided by population (UN World Population Prospects through Our World in Data, CC BY 4.0): the energy each person draws in a year from coal, oil, gas and uranium, in kilowatt-hours. Used for the seven (United States 72,494; Russia 67,943; China 32,560; Egypt 10,664; Brazil 9,546; India 7,200; Nigeria 2,182) and for the wider tests across 60, 103, 56 and 126 economies. https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world ; bulk: https://api.eia.gov/bulk/INTL.zip . Licence: public domain ("U.S. government publications are in the public domain and are not subject to copyright protection", https://www.eia.gov/about/copyrights_reuse.php); attribution: Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration (October 2026).

5.      World Bank. World Development Indicators (release of 8 October 2026), every country, latest year of each: SH.MED.PHYS.ZS and SH.MED.NUMW.P3 (physicians; nurses and midwives, per 1,000 people), SH.H2O.BASW.ZS and SH.STA.BASS.ZS (at least basic drinking water; at least basic sanitation), EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS (access to electricity), SE.PRM.ENRL.TC.ZS (primary pupil-teacher ratio), the same series as Part 3, sources 4, 5 and 7, used for the production adequacy in the wider test across 126 societies; and SP.POP.TOTL (population, to keep societies of 1 million people or more). API: https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/SH.H2O.BASW.ZS (and likewise for each series). Licence: CC BY 4.0.

6.      Charities Aid Foundation (CAF) (2026). World Giving Report 2026 – Donor Insights (giving in 2025): country field "Average % of income donated directly to people in need"; used for the giving half of the preference gradient in the wider tests (103 countries against energy per person; 92 against the worth level read against the set point; 56 against the hours of human work commanded per person). Report: https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/680a2b043029e999edde4e2a/6a1d72b7e675b986ec3961c3_World%20Giving%20Report%202026%20-%20Donor%20Insights.pdf ; data: https://worldgivingreport.org/explore-the-data .

7.      Spearman, C. (1904). "The Proof and Measurement of Association between Two Things". The American Journal of Psychology 15(1), 72–101. doi:10.2307/1412159 (the rank agreement used to compare the order of the seven on two values; public domain).

8.      Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), FAOSTAT: Food Balances (2010–), bulk file FoodBalanceSheets_E_All_Data_(Normalized) (file dated 14 October 2025), every country, latest year with cereal production; and the Suite of Food Security Indicators, item 21010, "Average dietary energy supply adequacy (percent) (3-year average)", latest period. The same data and steps as Part 3, sources 1 and 2 (with Part 3, source 3 for the share of food that feeds people: the four societies of its Table 2, the world 59% for every other), used for the food part of the production adequacy in the wider test across 126 societies. https://bulks-faostat.fao.org/production/FoodBalanceSheets_E_All_Data_(Normalized).zip . Licence: CC BY 4.0.

9.      United Nations Statistics Division. Standard country or area codes for statistical use (M49), used only to match FAO's country numbers with the World Bank's country codes. https://unstats.un.org/unsd/methodology/m49/overview/ .

10.    OECD Trade in Employment, 2023 edition, by activity and partner, with the weekly hours actually worked of each economy (as Part 3, sources 30 and 31): the NEP work each society gives to other societies and draws from them, in hours a week per capable adult (caption of the worth panel), and the food counted for each economy in the wider test of the worth level (food sent out counts only where more NEP work is given than drawn). Licence: as sources 1 and 2.

Method note (no source): the comparison "when economies that command the same hours of human work are compared" is a partial rank agreement, i.e. the rank agreement of two values after the part of each that follows the rank of the hours of human work commanded per person has been set aside (a partial rank correlation). The three links reported across many societies (+0.72 across 126, −0.64 across 92, −0.66 across 103) each have a chance below 1 in 1,000 of arising by accident (two-sided); their ranges are the middle 95% of 10,000 recalculations on societies drawn again at random from the same list (+0.57 to +0.81, −0.73 to −0.49, −0.75 to −0.56). The worth level read against the set point equals 0.99 × the production adequacy of Part 3, as the hours given cancel out, so the wider test uses the production adequacy.

Part 7: Further Measures of the Rules

The warning signs of the elastic limit

1.      World Bank (2026). World Development Indicators (data updated 8 October 2026): VC.IHR.PSRC.P5, "Intentional homicides (per 100,000 people)" (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime); SN.ITK.DEFC.ZS, "Prevalence of undernourishment (% of population)", and SN.ITK.SVFI.ZS, "Prevalence of severe food insecurity in the population (%)" (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations); SH.H2O.BASW.ZS, "People using at least basic drinking water services (% of population)", and SH.STA.BASS.ZS, "People using at least basic sanitation services (% of population)" (WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme); SI.DST.10TH.10, "Income share held by highest 10%" (Poverty and Inequality Platform, from household surveys); SP.POP.TOTL, "Population, total". All countries, 2010–2024. https://api.worldbank.org/v2/ . Licence: CC BY 4.0.

2.      Coppedge, M., Gerring, J., Knutsen, C.H., Lindberg, S.I., Teorell, J. et al. (2026). "V-Dem [Country-Year/Country-Date] Dataset v16". Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds26 . With: Pemstein, D., Marquardt, K.L., Tzelgov, E., Wang, Y., Medzihorsky, J., Krusell, J., Miri, F. and von Römer, J. (2026). "The V-Dem Measurement Model: Latent Variable Analysis for Cross-National and Cross-Temporal Expert-Coded Data". V-Dem Working Paper No. 21, 11th edition. University of Gothenburg: Varieties of Democracy Institute. Variables (V-Dem Codebook v16): v2pepwrses, "Power distributed by socioeconomic position"; v2pepwrsoc, "Power distributed by social group"; v2pepwrgeo, "Power distributed by urban-rural location" (original scale, read as the distance from category 4, "roughly equal"); v2xpe_exlecon, "Exclusion by Socio-Economic Group"; v2xpe_exlsocgr, "Exclusion by Social Group index"; v2xpe_exlgeo, "Exclusion by Urban-Rural Location index"; v2caviol, "Political violence"; v2cacamps, "Political polarization"; v2smpolsoc, "Polarization of society"; v2smpolhate, "Political parties hate speech" (v2pepwrses, v2pepwrsoc, v2smpolsoc and v2smpolhate run from worse to better, so they are counted the other way round). All countries, 2010–2025 (v2pepwrgeo to 2023). Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0.

3.      Davies, S., Pettersson, T. and Öberg, M. (2026). "Organized violence 1989–2025, and violent political protests". Journal of Peace Research. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopres/xjag046 . With: Sundberg, R. and Melander, E. (2013). "Introducing the UCDP Georeferenced Event Dataset". Journal of Peace Research 50(4). Data: Uppsala Conflict Data Program, UCDP Country-Year Dataset on Organized Violence within Country Borders, version 26.1: deaths in state-based, non-state and one-sided violence together, best estimate, 2010–2025, per 100,000 people (population from item 1). https://ucdp.uu.se/downloads/ . Licence: CC BY 4.0.

4.      OECD (2023). Trade in Employment (TiM) database, 2023 edition, data set OECD.STI.PIE, DSD_TIM_2023@DF_TIM_2023, version 1.0: EMPN, "Employment", and FFD_DEM, "Domestic employment embodied in foreign final demand", all activities (_T), persons (PS), every economy by every partner, each year from 2010 to 2020. Data query (for each year, startPeriod and endPeriod set to that year): https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.STI.PIE,DSD_TIM_2023@DF_TIM_2023,1.0/FFD_DEM.._T..PS.A?startPeriod=2010&endPeriod=2010&format=csvfile and the same address with EMPN in place of FFD_DEM. Licence: OECD Terms and Conditions, section 3 (Data): any purpose, including commercial use, with credit to the OECD. https://www.oecd.org/en/about/terms-conditions.html .

5.      International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT. Average weekly hours actually worked per employed person by sex and economic activity, dataflow DF_HOW_TEMP_SEX_ECO_NB (total of all activities, both sexes), 2005–2025: for each year of item 4, the year nearest to it within three years, as in Part 1; for China, ILOSTAT's national figures (National Bureau of Statistics, urban areas) for 2005–2014 and 2016, and 47.0 hours in 2020 (see the Sources list, Part 1, source 10); economies with no figure, the median of all. https://sdmx.ilo.org/rest/data/ILO,DF_HOW_TEMP_SEX_ECO_NB,1.0/ . Licence: CC BY 4.0 (as in the Sources list, Part 1, source 2).

6.      Our World in Data. Political polarization score (data: V-Dem (2026), processed by Our World in Data; last updated 17 March 2026). Used only to check the values of item 2 as read here (1900 and 2025: United States −1.20 and 2.30, Brazil 1.52 and 3.22, India −1.04 and 2.08, and four more societies, all equal). https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/political-polarization-score . Licence: CC BY 4.0.

Pads drained between societies

Also used for this measure: item 1 (undernourishment, population, and the share of income or consumption held by the richest 10%), item 4 and item 5.

7.      Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), FAOSTAT. Food Balances (2010–), bulk file FoodBalanceSheets_E_All_Data_(Normalized) (file dated 14 October 2025), every country, each year from 2010 to 2023. Elements used for every single food item (item codes below 2900): Production (5511), Import quantity (5611), Export quantity (5911), Food (5142), Food supply (kcal) (661); each item turned into calories with the world's food supply in calories ÷ food in tonnes of that item in that year. https://bulks-faostat.fao.org/production/FoodBalanceSheets_E_All_Data_(Normalized).zip . Licence: CC BY 4.0 (FAO Statistical Database Terms of Use, https://www.fao.org/contact-us/terms/db-terms-of-use/en/ ).

8.      OECD (2023). Trade in Employment (TiM) database, 2023 edition, as item 4, for the NEP activities: farming, forestry and fishing (A), food products (C10T12), and textiles, clothing and leather (C13T15); EMPN, "Employment", and FFD_DEM, "Domestic employment embodied in foreign final demand" (partner W for all buyers abroad; each economy as partner for the jobs in other economies that serve it), each year from 2010 to 2020; hours from item 5, times 52 weeks; per capable adult with the capable adults of Part 3 (see the Sources list, Part 3, source 24). Data queries: https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.STI.PIE,DSD_TIM_2023@DF_TIM_2023,1.0/FFD_DEM..A+C10T12+C13T15..PS.A?startPeriod=2010&endPeriod=2010&format=csvfile (one for each year) and https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.STI.PIE,DSD_TIM_2023@DF_TIM_2023,1.0/EMPN..A+C10T12+C13T15+_T.W.PS.A?startPeriod=2010&endPeriod=2020&format=csvfile . Licence as item 4.

9.      OECD. Health Workforce Migration database, data set OECD.ELS.HD, DSD_HEALTH_WFMI@DF_HEALTH_WFMI, version 1.0: doctors trained abroad (PHYS) working in each OECD country, by country of training, persons; for each country where they work, the latest year since 2015, summed by country of training. https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.ELS.HD,DSD_HEALTH_WFMI@DF_HEALTH_WFMI,1.0/.A.HW.PS..FOREIGN.PHYS+MINU?startPeriod=2015&format=csvfile . Licence as item 4.

10.    World Bank (2026). World Development Indicators (data updated 8 October 2026): SH.MED.PHYS.ZS, "Physicians (per 1,000 people)", and SH.MED.NUMW.P3, "Nurses and midwives (per 1,000 people)" (both compiled by the World Bank from the World Health Organization's health workforce data), all countries, the latest year of each (physicians 2012 to 2023, nurses and midwives 2014 to 2023); doctors at home = physicians per 1,000 people times the population of that year (item 1). https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS and https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/SH.MED.NUMW.P3 . Licence: CC BY 4.0.

11.    World Health Organization (2016). Global Strategy on Human Resources for Health: Workforce 2030: the threshold of 44.5 doctors, nurses and midwives per 10,000 people (see the Sources list, Part 3, source 6; one fact cited).

12.    World Bank. International Debt Statistics (data updated 3 December 2025): DT.INT.DECT.GN.ZS, "Interest payments on external debt (% of GNI)", counterpart area World (WLD), every reporting country, each year from 2010 to 2023. Data query (one for each year): https://api.worldbank.org/v2/sources/6/country/all/series/DT.INT.DECT.GN.ZS/counterpart-area/WLD/time/YR2010?format=json&per_page=1000 . Licence: CC BY 4.0.

13.    National Statistical Office (2021). All India Debt & Investment Survey – 2019, NSS Report No. 588 (77/18.2), NSS 77th Round (January–December 2019). Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India, September 2021. Statement 3.25, "Percentage share of assets as on 30.06.2018 in different household Asset Holding Class (AHC)", rural and urban; paragraph 1.3.1 (valuation of buildings in the 70th and 77th rounds). https://www.mospi.gov.in .

14.    National Sample Survey Office (2016). Household Assets and Liabilities, NSS Report No. 570 (70/18.2/1), NSS 70th Round (January–December 2013). Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India, January 2016. Statement 3.3, "Average value of assets (Rs.) across decile classes of household asset holding: all-India", rural and urban, as on 30 June 2012 (each tenth's share of all assets worked out from these averages, as the classes are equal tenths of households). https://www.mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/nss_Report_570.pdf .

The safe level of the societal pool

Also used for this measure: the results of Part 3 (the hours given and the hours needed) and of Part 5 (the hours needed if the resources that do not satisfy the green check vanished), with the sources listed there; items 1, 5 and 8 (the NEP work drawn from others) and items 9 to 12 (the doctors working abroad, the health workers at home and the interest paid abroad), as for "Pads drained between societies".

15.    United States Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service. Production, Supply and Distribution (PSD) online, grains, bulk file psd_grains_pulses_csv.zip (file dated 9 October 2026): Production, Domestic Consumption and Ending Stocks (1,000 metric tons) of barley, corn, millet, mixed grain, oats, rice (milled), rye, sorghum and wheat, every country, market years 1960/61 to 2024/25; the world is the sum of every country. https://apps.fas.usda.gov/psdonline/downloads/psd_grains_pulses_csv.zip . Licence: a work of the United States Government, in the public domain.

16.    Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Global Information and Early Warning System on Food and Agriculture (FAO/GIEWS). Food Outlook, May/June 1997 (cereals, supply and demand), and Food Outlook No. 1, February 2000: the minimum level of world cereal stocks that the FAO Secretariat considers necessary to safeguard world food security, 17% to 18% of the world's use (the stocks at the end of a season against the use expected in the next). https://www.fao.org/4/w5572e/w5572e03.htm and https://www.fao.org/4/x4471e/x4471e08.htm . (one fact cited).

The necessity basket

Also used for this measure: item 1 (the population of each society) and item 8 (the NEP work drawn from others), as for "Pads drained between societies".

17.    World Bank and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Food Prices for Nutrition 5.0 (World Bank data source 88; data updated 21 July 2026): CoHD_LCU, "Cost of a healthy diet in local currency unit", per person per day, the seven societies, 2017–2025 (priced from the retail food prices of the International Comparison Program 2021; other years carried by each country's food price index). https://api.worldbank.org/v2/sources/88/series/CoHD_LCU . Licence: CC BY 4.0.

18.    International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT. Average hourly earnings of employees by sex and occupation, dataflow DF_EAR_EHRA_SEX_OCU_CUR_NB, local currency, both sexes, elementary occupations (ISCO-08 group 9); Average monthly earnings of employees by sex and economic activity, dataflow DF_EAR_EMTA_SEX_ECO_CUR_NB, China, agriculture (ISIC A); Employment by sex and economic activity, dataflow DF_EMP_TEMP_SEX_ECO_NB, total of all activities, both sexes (labour force surveys); 2010–2025. https://sdmx.ilo.org/rest/data/ . Licence: CC BY 4.0.

19.    National Bureau of Statistics of China. Monthly releases on the national economy, 2018–2022: average weekly working hours of enterprise employees (the mean of each year's releases). https://www.stats.gov.cn/sj/zxfb/ . And China Statistical Yearbook 2023, table 4-1, "Employment" (employed persons at year end, revised to the seventh population census). https://www.stats.gov.cn/sj/ndsj/2023/indexch.htm .

20.    UNHCR. Emergency Handbook, "Emergency shelter solutions and standards" (last updated 21 January 2026): a minimum of 3.5 square metres of covered living space per person in tropical or warm climates, and 4.5 to 5.5 square metres in cold climates (the Sphere minimum). https://emergency.unhcr.org/node/538 . (one fact cited).

21.    Beck, H.E., McVicar, T.R., Vergopolan, N. et al. (2023). "High-resolution (1 km) Köppen-Geiger maps for 1901–2099 based on constrained CMIP6 projections". Scientific Data 10, 724. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-02549-6 . Data: koppen_geiger_tif.zip, the present-day map (1991–2020) at about 1 km, figshare article 21789074. Classes D and E (cold and polar climates). Licence: CC BY 4.0.

22.    WorldPop (2018). Global High Resolution Population Denominators Project, population counts 2020, 1 km, adjusted to the United Nations totals, one file for each of the seven. School of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton. https://doi.org/10.5258/SOTON/WP00660 . Licence: CC BY 4.0.

23.    Fishman, T., Mastrucci, A., Peled, Y., Saxe, S. and van Ruijven, B. (2024). "RASMI: Global ranges of building material intensities differentiated by region, structure, and function". Scientific Data 11, 418. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-024-03190-7 . Data: MI_ranges_20230905.xlsx, Zenodo record 10782341: single-family houses of masonry structure, the median of the regions' middle values, in kilograms per square metre of floor (concrete 566, bricks 645.35, wood 38.89, steel 17.30, glass 5.79). Licence: CC BY 4.0.

24.    Caixa Econômica Federal and Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. SINAPI, Sistema Nacional de Pesquisa de Custos e Índices da Construção Civil: the analytical compositions (hours of each trade for each unit of work), September 2026 (published 9 October 2026), and the input prices of the 27 state capitals, each month of 2025. https://www.caixa.gov.br/site/Paginas/downloads.aspx .

25.    Bureau of Indian Standards (1987). IS 875 (Part 1): 1987, Code of practice for design loads (other than earthquake) for buildings and structures, Part 1: Dead loads, unit weights of building materials and stored materials, Table 1 (burnt clay bricks and brick masonry, cement concrete, glass sheet, timbers). Used to turn the kilograms of item 23 into bricks, cubic metres and square metres.

26.    European Committee for Standardization (2002). EN 1990: Eurocode, Basis of structural design, Table 2.1: an indicative design working life of 50 years for building structures and other common structures (one fact cited).

27.    Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (Egypt). Average retail prices of the most important building materials, monthly, the issues of February to December 2024 (twelve months of 2024). https://www.capmas.gov.eg/publications/72 .

28.    National Bureau of Statistics of China. Market prices of important means of production in circulation, ten-day releases of 2022 (35 releases): steel bar, cement and float glass. https://www.stats.gov.cn/sj/zxfb/ .

29.    Department of Transport of Guangdong Province, transport construction cost office. Main purchased materials information prices, table 2, monthly, 2022 (Guangzhou): sand, crushed stone, red bricks and sawn timber, excluding tax. https://td.gd.gov.cn/zwgk_n/ygzw/zsdw/gczjswzx/zjxx/ .

30.    United States Geological Survey (2026). Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: "Cement", "Sand and Gravel (Construction)" and "Stone (Crushed)", average unit values, 2025 (estimates). https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-cement.pdf and the other chapters at the same address. A work of the United States Government, in the public domain.

31.    United Nations Statistics Division. UN Comtrade, public preview, the United States as reporter, partner World, 2025: imports of steel bars (HS 721420), bricks (690410), float glass (700529) and sawn softwood (440711, 440712, 440719), and imports and exports of the clothing codes of items 39 and 40; value divided by the quantity reported by the United States (quantities estimated by the United Nations are not used). https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS .

32.    Federal State Statistics Service (Rosstat) (2022). Tseny v Rossii. 2022 (Prices in Russia, 2022): table 5.2.1, average prices of building materials bought by building organisations, end of 2021 (cement, sand, crushed stone, steel bars, ceramic bricks, sawn softwood, sheet glass), and table 2.3.3, average consumer prices of non-food goods, 2021 (clothing and footwear). https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Cena_2022.pdf .

33.    Government of Tamil Nadu. Schedule of Rates 2024–2025 (with effect from 15 July 2024), Volume I, Annexure II, "Rates of Materials" (basic rates, excluding goods and services tax). https://ckicp.tn.gov.in/admin/uploads/fnews_pdf29.pdf .

34.    Sphere Association (2018). The Sphere Handbook: Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Humanitarian Response, fourth edition, Geneva, Shelter and settlement standard 4, key indicator: "Minimum two full sets of clothing per person, in the right size and appropriate to culture, season and climate, and adapted to any particular needs" (p. 258). https://spherestandards.org/handbook/ (one fact cited).

35.    Russian Federation. Federal Law No. 44-FZ of 31 March 2006, "On the consumer basket for the Russian Federation as a whole": the wear periods of the non-food goods for the working-age population (outer coats 3 in 7.6 years; outer suits and dresses 8 in 4.2 years; underwear 9 in 2.4 years; footwear 6 in 3.2 years).

36.    World Bank (2026). World Development Indicators (data updated 8 October 2026): SP.POP.TOTL.FE.ZS, "Population, female (% of total population)", the seven societies, 2018–2025. https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL.FE.ZS . Licence: CC BY 4.0.

37.    Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (Egypt) (2025). Price of Industrial Materials and Products 2024 (annual): Table 17, consumer prices in urban areas (yarns, textiles, ready-made garments and shoes), and Table 27, consumer prices in rural areas (textiles, ready-made garments and shoes), the annual mean of 2024. https://www.capmas.gov.eg/publications/96 .

38.    Ministério da Gestão e da Inovação em Serviços Públicos (Brazil). Compras Públicas do Governo Federal, open data, price search module: every purchase dated in 2025 on the public purchasing system (federal, state and city buyers), unit price and quantity of each purchase line, by item group; the middle price by pieces bought. https://dadosabertos.compras.gov.br/modulo-pesquisa-preco/1_consultarMaterial . Licence: Creative Commons Attribution.

39.    Department of Commerce, Government of India. Export Import Data Bank (TRADESTAT; data: Directorate General of Commercial Intelligence and Statistics), commodity-wise, all countries, imports and exports, financial year 2024–2025, eight-digit ITC-HS codes of clothing and footwear, value and reported quantity. https://tradestat.commerce.gov.in/eidb/commodity_wise_all_countries_import and https://tradestat.commerce.gov.in/eidb/commodity_wise_all_countries_export .

40.    General Administration of Customs of the People's Republic of China. Customs statistics online query, imports and exports, January–December 2022, in yuan, by eight-digit goods code, all partners together, value and first and second quantities. http://stats.customs.gov.cn/ .

41.    Bureau of Economic Analysis, United States Department of Commerce. Supply Tables, 1997–2023, Summary, 2023, commodity 315AL, "Apparel and leather and allied products": total product supply at basic prices (154,070), trade margins, transport margins, import duties, taxes on products, and total product supply at purchasers' prices (529,990), millions of dollars. https://apps.bea.gov/industry/iTables%20Static%20Files/AllTablesSUP.zip . A work of the United States Government, in the public domain.

42.    National Statistics Office, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India (2026). Supply and Use Tables 2023–24 (base year 2022–23), supply table at current prices: ready-made garments and leather footwear, output at basic prices, imports after the CIF adjustment, import duty, product taxes, trade and transport margins, and supply at purchasers' prices (rupees crore). https://www.mospi.gov.in/publications-reports/innerpage/847 .

43.    National Bureau of Statistics of China. China Statistical Yearbook 2023, table 15-2, "Main indicators of wholesale enterprises above designated size by type of registration and industry (2022)", and table 15-4, the same for retail enterprises: operating revenue and operating cost of clothing wholesale (9,692.7 and 8,343.7) and clothing retail (3,478.3 and 2,157.2), 100 million yuan. https://www.stats.gov.cn/sj/ndsj/2023/indexch.htm .

44.    Customs Tariff Commission of the State Council (2021). Customs Tariff of the People's Republic of China (2022) (announcement No. 10 of 2021, in force from 1 January 2022): the most-favoured-nation duty of each clothing and footwear code (6% to 10%). http://gss.mof.gov.cn/gzdt/zhengcefabu/202112/t20211231_3780272.htm .

45.    Ministry of Finance, State Taxation Administration and General Administration of Customs of the People's Republic of China (2019). Announcement No. 39 of 2019 on deepening the value-added tax reform: the 13% rate of value-added tax from 1 April 2019 (one fact cited).

The saving when the gifts of nature are free

Also used for this measure: items 4 and 5 (the hours of work contained in what each society uses), as for the broader Participation to Burden ratio.

46.    World Bank (2026). World Development Indicators (data updated 8 October 2026), from The Changing Wealth of Nations (World Bank staff estimates): NY.GDP.TOTL.RT.ZS, "Total natural resources rents (% of GDP)", and its parts NY.GDP.PETR.RT.ZS, "Oil rents (% of GDP)", NY.GDP.NGAS.RT.ZS, "Natural gas rents (% of GDP)", NY.GDP.COAL.RT.ZS, "Coal rents (% of GDP)", NY.GDP.MINR.RT.ZS, "Mineral rents (% of GDP)", and NY.GDP.FRST.RT.ZS, "Forest rents (% of GDP)" ("rents" is the World Bank's word for the price above the average cost of producing; not rent for land or buildings); and SP.POP.1564.TO, "Population ages 15-64, total". All countries and the world, 2010–2021 (the series end in 2021). https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/NY.GDP.TOTL.RT.ZS?date=2010:2021 and the same address with each code. Licence: CC BY 4.0.

47.    Stadler, K. et al. (2018). "EXIOBASE 3: Developing a time series of detailed environmentally extended multi-regional input-output tables". Journal of Industrial Ecology 22(3), 502–515. https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12715 . Data: EXIOBASE 3.8.2, IOT_2011_pxp, Zenodo https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5589597 : all the hours worked in the world in 2011 (6,537.7 billion hours). Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0.

48.    OECD. National Accounts, "Annual value added and its components by economic activity", data set OECD.SDD.NAD, DSD_NAMAIN10@DF_TABLE6, version 2.0: gross value added (B1G), net operating surplus and mixed income (B2A3N), compensation of employees (D1), other taxes less other subsidies on production (D29X39) and consumption of fixed capital (P51C), for all activities (_T), mining and quarrying (B, B05 to B08; the mining support services, B09, left out) and forestry and logging (A02), national currency at current prices, from 2010 (57 economies). Data query: https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.SDD.NAD,DSD_NAMAIN10@DF_TABLE6,2.0/A..S1.S1.B1G+B2A3N+D29X39+D1+P51C._Z._T+B+B05+B06+B07+B08+B09+A02._Z.XDC.V.N.T0301?startPeriod=2010&format=csvfile . Licence as item 4.

Wealth, as seen by the Reality Goggles

Also used for this measure: item 47 (EXIOBASE 3.8.2, IOT_2011_pxp: the hours of work by skill, the input-output table, and the harvest of wheat and rice taken from nature) and item 18 (the pay of the simplest occupations), as for "The saving when the gifts of nature are free" and "The necessity basket". For land beside the drawing of work, also items 4 and 5 (the hours of work in all that each economy uses), item 8 (the NEP work drawn from others) and item 46 (the people aged 15 to 64). For buildings, also items 23 to 25 (the house and its building work) and 27 to 33 (the prices of its materials), as for "The necessity basket".

49.    Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Government of India (2026). Price Policy for Rabi Crops, Marketing Season 2027–28 (July 2026): Annex Table 5.6(a), "Break-up of Cost of Cultivation", wheat, by state, 2024–25 (human labour, casual, attached and family, rupees per hectare; yield, quintals per hectare), and Annex Table 1.4 (the states' shares of production). And Price Policy for Kharif Crops, Marketing Season 2026–27: Annex Table 5.6(a), paddy, by state, 2024–25, and Annex Table 5.5 (the states' shares of production). https://cacp.da.gov.in/ .

50.    Economic Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Commodity Costs and Returns: wheat and rice, United States total, 2025 (hired labor and the opportunity cost of unpaid labor, dollars per planted acre; yield per planted acre). https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/commodity-costs-and-returns . A work of the United States Government, in the public domain.

51.    OECD. National Accounts, "Annual balance sheets for non-financial assets" (Table 9B), data set OECD.SDD.NAD, DSD_NASEC10@DF_TABLE9B: land (N211), dwellings (N111) and other buildings and structures (N112), total economy (S1), national currency, the latest year of each economy from 2015. Data query: https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.SDD.NAD,DSD_NASEC10@DF_TABLE9B,/all?startPeriod=2015 . Licence as item 4.

52.    Knoll, K., Schularick, M. and Steger, T. (2017). "No Price Like Home: Global House Prices, 1870–2012". American Economic Review 107(2), 331–353. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20150501 . (One finding cited.)

53.    World Bank (2026). World Development Indicators (data updated 8 October 2026): EN.POP.DNST, "Population density (people per sq. km of land area)", all countries, 2020. https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/EN.POP.DNST?date=2020 . Licence: CC BY 4.0.

The standard for money

Also used for this measure: item 5 (the hours actually worked each week) and item 18 (the people in work), each read in its own measured years only, and item 19 (China: the people in work and their weekly hours), as for "The necessity basket".

54.    World Bank (2026). World Development Indicators (data updated 8 October 2026). Compiled from the International Monetary Fund's International Financial Statistics: FM.LBL.BMNY.CN, "Broad money (current LCU)", the seven societies, 1960–2025 (each from its first year with a value); FM.LBL.BMNY.GD.ZS, "Broad money (% of GDP)", FM.AST.NFRG.CN, "Net foreign assets (current LCU)", FM.AST.DOMS.CN, "Net domestic credit (current LCU)", and FS.AST.CGOV.GD.ZS, "Claims on central government, etc. (% GDP)", the seven societies, 1990–2025; FI.RES.TOTL.CD, "Total reserves (includes gold, current US$)", and FI.RES.XGLD.CD, "Total reserves minus gold (current US$)", all countries, the latest year of each from 2020; PA.NUS.FCRF, "Official exchange rate (LCU per US$, period average)", the seven societies, used only to give the gold in the reserves its share of what stands behind each money. And SP.POP.1564.TO, "Population ages 15-64, total", the world, 1960–2025. https://api.worldbank.org/v2/ . Licence: CC BY 4.0.

55.    Bureau of Labor Statistics, United States Department of Labor. Current Employment Statistics: series CES0500000034, "Indexes of aggregate weekly hours of production and nonsupervisory employees, total private" (2002 = 100), seasonally adjusted, monthly, 1964–2025, read as the mean of the twelve months of each year. https://api.bls.gov/publicAPI/v2/timeseries/data/CES0500000034 . A work of the United States Government, in the public domain.

56.    United States Geological Survey. Historical Statistics for Mineral and Material Commodities in the United States, Data Series 140: "Gold statistics" (compiled by K.E. Porter, E.B. Amey, M.W. George and K.N. Sheaffer; last modification 20 November 2023) and "Silver statistics" (compiled by K.E. Porter, H.E. Hilliard, W.E. Brooks, M.W. George, F.C. Katrivanos, S.M. Bennett, C.S. Anderson and A.M. Hartingh; last modification 1 September 2023): world production, metric tons of metal content, 1900–2022 for gold and 1900–2021 for silver, added up from 1900. https://www.usgs.gov/media/files/gold-historical-statistics-data-series-140 and https://www.usgs.gov/media/files/silver-historical-statistics-data-series-140 . A work of the United States Government, in the public domain.

57.    United States Geological Survey (2026). Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: "Gold" (the world's use of gold by kind, outside exchange-traded funds, from the World Gold Council; the share of the gold used in the United States that came from scrap) and "Silver" (the world's use and mine production of silver, 2025 (estimates); the uses of silver in the United States, and the share that came from scrap). https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-gold.pdf and https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-silver.pdf . A work of the United States Government, in the public domain.

58.    Kirkemo, H., Newman, W.L. and Ashley, R.P. Gold. General Interest Publications of the U.S. Geological Survey (web page last modified 24 June 1997). https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/prospect1/goldgip.html . A work of the United States Government, in the public domain. (One fact cited: gold does not oxidize under ordinary conditions.)

59.    International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT. Total weekly hours worked of employed persons by sex -- ILO modelled estimates, Nov. 2025 (thousands), dataflow DF_HOW_2TOT_SEX_NB, World (X01), both sexes, 2005–2022, times 52 for the hours of a year. https://sdmx.ilo.org/rest/data/ILO,DF_HOW_2TOT_SEX_NB,1.0/X01.A.HOW_2TOT_NB.SEX_T . Licence: CC BY 4.0.

60.    Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. "How long is the life span of U.S. paper money?", Frequently Asked Questions (estimated lifespans as of May 2025). https://www.federalreserve.gov/faqs/how-long-is-the-life-span-of-us-paper-money.htm .

61.    Bank of Russia. "History" (About the Bank of Russia): the liquidation of the State Bank of the USSR (1992) and the revaluation of the rouble at a thousand to one (1998). https://cbr.ru/eng/about_br/history/ .

62.    Banco Central do Brasil, Museu de Valores (2007). Síntese dos Padrões Monetários Brasileiros. Brasília, May 2007: each money of Brazil, with the date and the rate of each change (cruzado 1986, cruzado novo 1989, cruzeiro 1990, cruzeiro real 1993, real 1994). https://www.bcb.gov.br/content/acessoinformacao/museudocs/pub/SintesePadroesMonetariosBrasileiros.pdf .

63.    The largest note of each society's own money in the year read, as issued by its central bank: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (100 dollars); People's Bank of China (100 yuan); Bank of Russia (5,000 roubles); Banco Central do Brasil (200 reais, issued from September 2020); Central Bank of Egypt (200 pounds); Reserve Bank of India (2,000 rupees in 2021; by its press release of 19 May 2023, the 2,000-rupee notes were withdrawn from circulation from that day and remain legal tender).

The rotation of stress-bearing groups

64.    International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT. Employment by sex and economic activity, dataflow DF_EMP_TEMP_SEX_ECO_NB (national surveys), the sections of the International Standard Industrial Classification, Revision 4 (codes ECO_ISIC4_A to ECO_ISIC4_T and ECO_ISIC4_TOTAL), both sexes and women, the seven societies, 2010–2025, each in its measured years: the people in work in each profession, and the share of women among them. https://sdmx.ilo.org/rest/data/ILO,DF_EMP_TEMP_SEX_ECO_NB,1.0/ . Licence: CC BY 4.0.

65.    International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT. Average weekly hours actually worked per employed person by sex and economic activity, dataflow DF_HOW_TEMP_SEX_ECO_NB, the same sections, both sexes, the seven societies, 2010–2025, each in its measured years, main job (China: the National Bureau of Statistics' figures for urban areas and full-time workers, 2010–2014 and 2016): the hours of each profession. https://sdmx.ilo.org/rest/data/ILO,DF_HOW_TEMP_SEX_ECO_NB,1.0/ . Licence: CC BY 4.0.

66.    International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT. Average weekly hours actually worked per employee by sex and economic activity, dataflow DF_HOW_XEES_SEX_ECO_NB, the same sections, both sexes, 2018–2025 (none for China): the hours behind the benefit for an hour, and the check on employees alone. https://sdmx.ilo.org/rest/data/ILO,DF_HOW_XEES_SEX_ECO_NB,1.0/ . Licence: CC BY 4.0.

67.    International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT. Average monthly earnings of employees by sex and economic activity, dataflow DF_EAR_EMTA_SEX_ECO_CUR_NB, local currency, the same sections, both sexes, the seven societies, 2015–2025, each in its measured years (Russia: from its survey of establishments, 2017, 2019 and 2021; China: administrative records of urban units, 2015–2022): used only as each profession's share of all the employees' pay in the same society and year. https://sdmx.ilo.org/rest/data/ILO,DF_EAR_EMTA_SEX_ECO_CUR_NB,1.0/ . Licence: CC BY 4.0.

The national surveys behind items 64 to 67: the Current Population Survey (United States); the Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios Contínua, Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (Brazil); the Labour Force Sample Survey, Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (Egypt); the Periodic Labour Force Survey, National Statistics Office (India); the Labour Force Survey and the survey of establishments, Federal State Statistics Service (Russia); the General Household Survey and the Labour Force Survey, National Bureau of Statistics (Nigeria); and the National Bureau of Statistics and the labour and social security records (China). Also used for this measure: the set point and the unpaid NEP work of Part 3 (the hours given and the hours needed), with the sources listed there.

Vibrators, amplifiers and absorbers

Also used for this measure: item 1 (intentional homicides, undernourishment, basic drinking water, basic sanitation and population), item 2 (political polarization, polarization of society, political parties' hate speech and political violence), item 3, item 4 and item 5.

68.    Coppedge, M., Gerring, J., Knutsen, C.H., Lindberg, S.I., Teorell, J. et al. (2026). "V-Dem [Country-Year/Country-Date] Dataset v16", as item 2. Further variables (V-Dem Codebook v16): v2exbribe, "Executive bribery and corrupt exchanges"; v2exembez, "Executive embezzlement and theft"; v2excrptps, "Public sector corrupt exchanges"; v2exthftps, "Public sector theft"; v2lgcrrpt, "Legislature corrupt activities"; v2jucorrdc, "Judicial corruption decision" (these six run from more corruption to less, so they are counted the other way round); v2csprtcpt, "CSO participatory environment". All countries, 2018–2023. https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds26 . Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0.

69.    World Bank. Worldwide Governance Indicators, 2025 update: Control of Corruption, estimate, 2024 (counted the other way round). Method: Kaufmann, D., Kraay, A. and Mastruzzi, M. (2010). The Worldwide Governance Indicators: Methodology and Analytical Issues. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 5430. Read through: Quality of Government Institute, University of Gothenburg (January 2026), QoG Standard Dataset (time series), variable wbgi_cce. https://www.qogdata.pol.gu.se/data/qog_std_ts_jan26.csv . Licence: CC BY 4.0.

70.    Charities Aid Foundation (CAF) (2026). World Giving Report 2026 – Donor Insights (giving in 2025; online survey by Focaldata, 5 January to 18 February 2026, 105 countries), as the Sources list, Part 4, source 1. Country data page "Explore the data": the score for helping a stranger and the share of people who volunteered. https://worldgivingreport.org/explore-the-data .

71.    EU Tax Observatory. Atlas of the Offshore World, offshore financial wealth dataset (file /data/dataset-offshore-financial.csv, indicator "total"), as a share of the society's yearly output (file /data/country-denominator.csv), each year from 2018 to 2023, as the Sources list, Part 2, source 8. Method: Alstadsæter, A., Johannesen, N. and Zucman, G. (2018). "Who owns the wealth in tax havens? Macro evidence and implications for global inequality". Journal of Public Economics 162, 89–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2018.01.008 . https://atlas-offshore-world.org/download-data/ .

72.    Tørsløv, T., Wier, L. and Zucman, G. (2023). "The Missing Profits of Nations". Review of Economic Studies 90(3), 1499–1534. https://doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdac049 . Data: Atlas of the Offshore World, file /data/dataset-global-profit.csv, indicator corp_tax_lost (the share of corporate tax revenue lost to profits shifted to tax havens), counterpart World, each year from 2018 to 2023. https://atlas-offshore-world.org/download-data/ .

73.    Internal Revenue Service (2024). Tax Gap Projections for Tax Years 2021 and 2022. Publication 5869. With the news release IR-2024-262 (10 October 2024), "IRS releases 2022 tax gap projections; voluntary compliance rate among taxpayers remains steady": "about 85% of taxes paid voluntarily and on time" in tax year 2022. https://www.irs.gov/newsroom/irs-releases-2022-tax-gap-projections-voluntary-compliance-rate-among-taxpayers-remains-steady . Licence: US government work, public domain.

The societal domains

Also used for this measure: the hours of work contained in what each society uses, for each adult in a year, the share spent on public services and each group's share of income after taxes and transfers, as Part 2 counts them (see the Sources list, Part 2); the NEP activities and the unpaid domestic and care work as Part 3 counts them, with the United States' unpaid hours a day of 2025 (see the Sources list, Part 3); for 1975, item 1, here NE.CON.GOVT.ZS, "General government final consumption expenditure (% of GDP)", and NE.DAB.TOTL.ZS, "Gross national expenditure (% of GDP)", 1975; and the jobs in what the United States uses and in its own work, 1995–2020, from the Trade in Employment database (see the Sources list, Part 1, source 1), here EMPN and FFD_DEM for every year.

74.    Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios Contínua (PNAD Contínua), annual microdata, 5th visit, 2022 (file PNADC_2022_visita5_20250822.zip; layout input_PNADC_2022_visita5_20231222.txt). https://ftp.ibge.gov.br/Trabalho_e_Rendimento/Pesquisa_Nacional_por_Amostra_de_Domicilios_continua/Anual/Microdados/Visita/Visita_5/ . Licence: free use with the source cited.

75.    U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. American Time Use Survey, 2025, microdata files: Respondent file (atusresp_2025), Activity summary file (atussum_2025) and ATUS-CPS file (atuscps_2025). https://www.bls.gov/tus/data/datafiles-2025.htm . Licence: US government work, public domain.

76.    U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Consumer Expenditure Surveys, 2024: Table 1110, "Deciles of income before taxes: Annual expenditure means, shares, standard errors, and relative standard errors, Consumer Expenditure Surveys, 2024" (the limits between the tenths of households, the people and the adults in each tenth, and the income before taxes). https://www.bls.gov/cex/tables/calendar-year/mean-item-share-average-standard-error/cu-income-deciles-before-taxes-2024.xlsx . Licence: US government work, public domain.

77.    World Inequality Lab. World Inequality Database (WID.world), bulk data update of 9 September 2026 (country file WID_data_US.csv), as the Sources list, Part 2, source 6. Variables used here: for the richest 1% of adults (p99p100, equal-split adults), 1965–2019, wealth by kind of asset, shwhouj992 (housing), shwbusj992 (business assets), shweqij992 (equities), shwfixj992 (fixed income) and shwpenj992 (pensions), with shwealj992 (share of all wealth) and ahwealj992 (average wealth); aptincj992 (average pre-tax income), sptincj992 (pre-tax income, share) and its labour and capital parts, sptlinj992 and sptkinj992, the capital part split into spthouj992 (housing), sptfinj992 (equity), sptintj992 (interest) and sptmikj992 (the capital part of mixed income), 2014–2019; for the richest 1% of tax units, the dividends, interest, income from houses and land, realized capital gains and mixed income reported, with their average wealth, 2014 and 2015; and sdiincj992 and sptincj992 for the poorer 50% (p0p50) and the top 20% (p80p100) of adults, 1975 and 2024.

78.    U.S. Census Bureau. Current Population Survey, March 1976: Annual Demographic File (the March supplement), public use microdata (file cpsmar76.dat), with its technical documentation (Data User Services Division, September 1977). Copy of the National Bureau of Economic Research: https://data.nber.org/cps/cpsmar76.zip . Licence: US government work, public domain.

79.    Survey Research Center, University of Michigan (Juster, F.T., Courant, P.N., Duncan, G.J., Robinson, J.P. and Stafford, F.P., principal investigators). Time Use in Economic and Social Accounts, 1975–1976, as brought into one form in the American Heritage Time Use Study (AHTUS) by the Centre for Time Use Research (Fisher, K., Altintas, E. and Gershuny, J.): main diaries, ages 18 and over (file usa1975todownload19march2012.zip), with the AHTUS codebook of 26 January 2014. https://www.timeuse.org/ahtus/data .

80.    U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (1978). Consumer Expenditure Survey Series: Interview Survey, 1972-73. Annual Expenditures and Sources of Income Cross-Classified by Family Characteristics, 1972 and 1973 Combined. Bulletin 1985, Table 1 (classified by family income before taxes). https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/4685 . Licence: US government work, public domain.

The ultimate kindness cycle

Also used for this measure: item 70, here its fields "Average % of income donated directly to people in need" and "Average hours volunteered per person" (as the Sources list, Part 4, source 1); and the hours of work drawn in a year by an average adult and by each adult of the richest 1%, with their own work, as Part 2 counts them (see the Sources list, Part 2).

Work-position similarity

Also used for this measure: item 75, here the occupation of the main job, the usual hours a week at all jobs and the minutes of work on the diary day of each employed respondent, with the respondent's weight.

81.    O*NET® 31.0 Database, by the U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration (USDOL/ETA): Work Activities (scales Level and Importance), Job Zones, Occupation Data and Content Model Reference (files work_activities.csv, job_zones.csv, occupation_data.csv and content_model_reference.csv). https://www.onetcenter.org/database.html . Used under the CC BY 4.0 license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). O*NET® is a trademark of USDOL/ETA. The author has modified all or some of this information (the levels of the activities averaged into the physical and the mental work of an hour of each occupation, and of each occupation group); USDOL/ETA has not approved, endorsed, or tested these modifications.

82.    International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT. Average weekly hours actually worked per employed person by sex and occupation, dataflow DF_HOW_TEMP_SEX_OCU_NB, and Employment by sex and occupation, dataflow DF_EMP_TEMP_SEX_OCU_NB (ISCO-08 major groups, both sexes), latest year: 2025 for Brazil, India, Russia and the United States; 2024 for Egypt and Nigeria; the hours for China, 2014. https://sdmx.ilo.org/rest/data/ILO,DF_HOW_TEMP_SEX_OCU_NB,1.0/ and https://sdmx.ilo.org/rest/data/ILO,DF_EMP_TEMP_SEX_OCU_NB,1.0/ . Licence: CC BY 4.0.

83.    U.S. Census Bureau. 2018 Census Occupation Code List with Crosswalk (sheet "2018 Census Occ Code List": each census occupation code with its equivalent 2018 SOC code). https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/demo/guidance/industry-occupation/2018-occupation-code-list-and-crosswalk.xlsx . Licence: US government work, public domain.

84.    U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Standard Occupational Classification. Crosswalk between the 2010 SOC and ISCO-08 (file ISCO_SOC_Crosswalk.xls, sheet "2010 SOC to ISCO-08"), https://www.bls.gov/soc/soccrosswalks.htm ; and Crosswalk from the 2010 SOC to the 2018 SOC (file soc_2010_to_2018_crosswalk.xlsx), https://www.bls.gov/soc/2018/crosswalks.htm . Licence: US government work, public domain.

Dynamic equilibrium

Also used for this measure: item 82, here Employment by sex and occupation (DF_EMP_TEMP_SEX_OCU_NB), each year, with the ILO's notes of a break in the series: Brazil 2014–2025, Egypt 2015–2024, India 2022–2025, Nigeria 2024, Russia 2016–2025 and the United States 2014–2025; and items 83 and 84, for the links of the United States' occupation codes to the ILO groups.

85.    Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios Contínua (PNAD Contínua), quarterly microdata, 2nd quarter of 2025 and 2nd quarter of 2026 (files PNADC_022025.zip and PNADC_022026.zip), with the dictionary and input files (Dicionario_e_input_20221031.zip), the keys guide "PNAD CONTÍNUA - CHAVES" (Chaves_PNADC.pdf) and the structure of the occupation classification of the household surveys, COD (Estrutura_Ocupacao_COD.xls). https://ftp.ibge.gov.br/Trabalho_e_Rendimento/Pesquisa_Nacional_por_Amostra_de_Domicilios_continua/Trimestral/Microdados/ . Licence: free use with the source cited.

86.    U.S. Census Bureau and U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Current Population Survey, basic monthly public use files, September 2025 and September 2026 (files sep25pub.zip and sep26pub.zip), with the record layouts "CPS Record Layout for Basic Labor Force Items, Standard Public Use Files" of 2025 and of 2026 (files 2025_Basic_CPS_Public_Use_Record_Layout_plus_IO_Code_list.txt and 2026_Basic_CPS_Public_Use_Record_Layout_plus_IO_Code_list.txt). https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/datasets/2025/basic/ and https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/datasets/2026/basic/ . Licence: US government work, public domain.

87.    Method: Bartholomew, D.J., Forbes, A.F. and McClean, S.I. (1991). Statistical Techniques for Manpower Planning. 2nd edition. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.

Mapping the needs of each area

88.    Economic Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Prevalence of household food insecurity and very low food security by State, average 2022–2024 (from the Current Population Survey Food Security Supplements of 2022, 2023 and 2024, U.S. Census Bureau): very low food security, percent of households, the 50 states and the District of Columbia. https://www.ers.usda.gov/media/6988/mapdata.xlsx . A work of the United States Government, in the public domain.

89.    U.S. Census Bureau. American Community Survey, 2023, 1-year estimates, table-based summary file: B25048, "Plumbing Facilities for Occupied Housing Units"; B25052, "Kitchen Facilities for Occupied Housing Units"; B25014, "Tenure by Occupants per Room"; the 50 states and the District of Columbia. https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2023/table-based-SF/data/1YRData/ (files acsdt1y2023-b25048.dat, acsdt1y2023-b25052.dat and acsdt1y2023-b25014.dat). A work of the United States Government, in the public domain.

90.    Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation (Rosstat). Благоустройство жилищного фонда по субъектам Российской Федерации, 2019–2025 (Amenities of the housing stock by subject of the Russian Federation), sheet "Оборудование жилищного фонда отдельными видами благоустройства по субъектам Российской Федерации по состоянию на конец 2025 года" (the housing stock equipped with each kind of amenity, at the end of 2025): the share of the total floor area with piped water (column 1) and with sewerage (column 7). https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Jil_blag_2019-2025.xls .

91.    Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios Contínua anual (Continuous National Household Sample Survey, annual results), SIDRA tables, the 26 states and the Federal District: 6733 (residents in households with piped water), 6737 (with electricity, by source), 7192 (with a bathroom, toilet or hole, by type of sewage disposal), 6822, 6823 and 6824 (by the main material of the walls, the roof and the floor), and 7141 (adjusted net school attendance rate, 6 to 14 years in primary school), 2025; 9552 (households and residents by food security situation), 2024. https://sidra.ibge.gov.br/tabela/6733 (and the same address with each table number).

92.    National Bureau of Statistics of China. China Population Census Yearbook 2020 (中国人口普查年鉴-2020), China Statistics Press: table 1-1, "各地区户数、人口数和性别比" (households, population and sex ratio by region), and table 9-3, "各地区按住房设施状况分的家庭户户数" (family households by housing facilities, by region; long-form sample), 31 provinces. https://www.stats.gov.cn/sj/pcsj/rkpc/7rp/zk/indexch.htm (tables html/A0101.jpg and html/B0903.jpg).

93.    National Statistical Office, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India (October 2024). Comprehensive Annual Modular Survey, 2022-23, NSS Report No. 590 (79/CAMS/1), NSS 79th Round (July 2022–June 2023). Appendix A, Table 26, "Percentage of households having access to improved principal sources of drinking water and percentage of households having access to improved latrine (among households with access to latrine) for each State/UT", and Table 28, "Estimated number of households and persons for each State/UT". https://www.mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/CAMS%20Report_October_N.pdf .

94.    Alkire, S., Mishra, R. and Suppa, N. (2026). "The global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) 2026: Disaggregation results and methodological note", OPHI MPI Methodological Note 65. Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI), University of Oxford. Data: Table 5, Region Results MPI 2026, sheet 5.1 (MPI results by subnational regions, with each region's share of the population and the country's population in the year of the survey) and sheet 5.5 (uncensored headcount ratios by subnational regions), for India, Egypt, Nigeria, Brazil and China. https://ophi.org.uk/sites/default/files/2026-10/Table%205%20Region%20Results%20MPI%202026.xlsx . The global MPI is published by OPHI and the Human Development Report Office of the United Nations Development Programme.

Indirect Competence-based Selection

95.    Central Intelligence Agency (United States). World Leaders, historical data, September 2026: the heads of state and cabinet members of China, Russia, Brazil, Egypt, India and Nigeria. https://www.cia.gov/resources/world-leaders/historical-data/2026-september/ (one page for each society). A work of the United States Government, in the public domain.

96.    The White House. The Cabinet (the members and their biographies; page modified 1 October 2026). https://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/cabinet/ . A work of the United States Government, in the public domain. With: Wikidata, the dates in office of the same members, https://query.wikidata.org/ ; licence CC0.

97.    The Russian Government. The Government: the members' biographies (Agriculture, Healthcare, Education, Construction, Housing and Utilities, Energy, Labour and Social Protection, Defence, the Interior). http://government.ru/en/gov/persons/ . With: President of Russia, Presidents of Russia. http://en.kremlin.ru/structure/president/presidents . Both licensed CC BY 4.0.

98.    Câmara dos Deputados (Brazil). Biographies of deputies 139289 (the President), 204503 (Health) and 220636 (Labour). https://www.camara.leg.br/deputados/139289/biografia (and the same address with each number). With: the ministers' pages of the Ministries of Cities, Health, Mines and Energy, Labour and Employment, and Fisheries and Aquaculture (https://www.gov.br/), and the published announcements of the appointments to Agriculture, Education, Defence, and Justice and Public Security (2023-2026).

99.    The official career listings published with each appointment in China (People's Daily, people.com.cn: the President, 15 November 2012; Health, 11 November 2020; Education, 20 August 2021; Housing, 10 July 2015; Labour, 26 April 2020), and the pages of the National Energy Administration (https://www.nea.gov.cn/ldhd/whz/index.htm) and the Ministry of Education; with the appointment notices of the National People's Congress Standing Committee (Agriculture, 30 April 2026; Health, 28 June 2024).

100. State Information Service (Egypt). The President and Cabinet Lineup. https://sis.gov.eg/en/presidency/the-president/ ; https://sis.gov.eg/en/egypt/system-of-government/executive-authority/cabinet-lineup/ . With: Ministry of Health and Population, the Minister's curriculum vitae, https://www.mohp.gov.eg/ar-cv.html ; the profiles of the ministers of Agriculture, Housing and Labour published at their appointment by al-Ahram (gate.ahram.org.eg, 2024 and 2026); and the published announcements of the appointments to Education, Electricity, Defence and the Interior.

101. Lok Sabha (India), Digital Sansad. Member profiles: Prime Minister; Agriculture and Farmers Welfare; Housing and Urban Affairs and Power; Labour and Employment; Defence; Home Affairs; Education. https://sansad.in/ls/members . With: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Cabinet Minister, https://mohfw.gov.in/about-us/meet-the-ministers/cabinet-minister ; Cabinet Secretariat, List of Council of Ministers with Portfolios (as on 23 June 2026); and Press Information Bureau, the release of 26 July 2026 on the Ministry of Education.

102. The State House (Nigeria). Bola Ahmed Tinubu (GCFR), https://statehouse.gov.ng/team/bola-ahmed-tinubu/ , and the statement of 24 April 2026 on the swearing-in of the Minister of Housing and Urban Development. With: Federal Ministry of Information and National Orientation (fmino.gov.ng); Voice of Nigeria (von.gov.ng) on the Ministers of Defence (December 2025) and of Labour and Employment; National Universities Commission, Dr. Tunji Alausa (nuc.edu.ng); and the published announcements of the appointments to Agriculture, Health, Power and the Interior.

Determining the source of a guilt

103. National Crime Records Bureau (Ministry of Home Affairs), Government of India. Crime in India 2023: Statistics, Volume I. New Delhi: National Crime Records Bureau. Table 2A.1, Murder Cases - 2021-2023 (the cases, the mid-year projected population and the rate of murder in 2023, by State/UT), and Table 2A.2, Motives of Murder - 2023 (by State/UT). https://ncrb.gov.in . The populations are those of the Report of the Technical Group on Population Projections (July 2020), National Commission on Population, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, as given in the volume.

104. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS), National Violent Death Reporting System, Violent Deaths Report, data year 2023, homicide: death counts and percentages by known circumstances of death, for each of the 50 states and the District of Columbia and for all of them together, the latter also by the relationship of the victim to the suspect; and rates and counts (the deaths and the populations covered, from U.S. Census Bureau estimates). https://wisqars.cdc.gov/nvdrs/ . The system counts the residents of the areas covered. A work of the United States Government, used under the WISQARS data use agreement: no count of fewer than ten for a state, or rate on it, is shown or used.

105. Fowler, K.A., Vos, S., Tsukerman, K., Sheats, K.J., Betz, C.J. and Forsberg, K. (2026). "Surveillance for Violent Deaths — National Violent Death Reporting System, 50 States, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico, 2023", MMWR Surveillance Summaries 75 (No. SS-7): 1–31. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.ss7507a1 . Table 5 and its notes (the counties covered in California, Florida and Texas). A work of the United States Government, in the public domain.